Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

82 questions · 88 findings · 5 reviews · ENT

No studies found 20 · 22.7%GRADE not reported 2 · 2.3%Very low 28 · 31.8%Low 16 · 18.2%Moderate 18 · 20.5%High 4 · 4.5%

Intranasal steroid spray vs placebo

Adverse event: systemic corticosteroid side effects · children aged 6 months to 12 years with otitis media with effusion (OME)

It is very uncertain whether topical (intranasal) steroids changes adverse event: systemic corticosteroid side effects compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Topical antibiotics with steroids vs topical antibiotics

Health‐related quality of life · people (of any age) with chronic suppurative otitis media or ear discharge

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

2 findings from 1 review

Topical antibiotics with steroids vs topical antibiotics

Ear pain (otalgia) or discomfort or local irritation · people (of any age) with chronic suppurative otitis media or ear discharge

It is very uncertain whether topical antibiotics with steroids changes ear pain (otalgia) or discomfort or local irritation compared with topical antibiotics alone (same antibiotics) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Topical antibiotics with steroids vs topical antibiotics

Serious complications (including intracranial complications, extracranial complications and death) · people (of any age) with chronic suppurative otitis media or ear discharge

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

2 findings from 1 review

Topical antibiotics with steroids vs topical antibiotics

Resolution of ear discharge ‐ measured at 1 to 2 weeks · people (of any age) with chronic suppurative otitis media or ear discharge

Topical antibiotics with steroids may leads to lower resolution of ear discharge at between 1 to 2 weeks compared with topical antibiotics alone (low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Topical antibiotics with steroids vs topical antibiotics

Resolution of ear discharge ‐ measured after 4 weeks · people (of any age) with chronic suppurative otitis media or ear discharge

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

2 findings from 1 review

Topical antibiotics with steroids vs topical antibiotics

Discomfort/pain · people (of any age) with chronic suppurative otitis media or ear discharge

It is very uncertain whether topical antibiotics with steroids changes ear pain or discomfort at 14 weeks compared with topical antibiotics alone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Topical antibiotics with steroids vs topical antibiotics

Suspected ototoxicity: dizziness/vertigo/balance · people (of any age) with chronic suppurative otitis media or ear discharge

It is very uncertain whether topical antibiotics with steroids changes suspected ototoxicity: dizziness/vertigo/balance compared with topical antibiotics alone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intranasal steroid spray vs no treatment

Presence/persistence of OME · children aged 6 months to 12 years with otitis media with effusion (OME)

It is very uncertain whether topical (intranasal) steroids changes presence/persistence of OME (short‐term); assumed ICC = 0.5 compared with no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review