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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

20 questions · 26 findings · 4 reviews

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No studies found 5 · 19.2%GRADE not reported 12 · 46.2%Very low 6 · 23.1%Low 3 · 11.5%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%

Tap water vs Normal saline

Reduction in wound size · people with acute and chronic wounds

It is very uncertain whether tap water changes reduction in wound size compared with normal saline (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Tap water vs Normal saline

Pain · people with acute and chronic wounds

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Tap water vs no wound cleansing

Wound healing · people with anal fissures

Tap water showed no clear difference in wound healing compared with no wound cleansing (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Tap water vs no wound cleansing

Reduction in wound size · people with anal fissures

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Tap water vs Normal saline

Infection · people with acute and chronic wounds

It is very uncertain whether tap water changes infection compared with normal saline (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Tap water vs Normal saline

Number of wounds healed · people with acute and chronic wounds

It is very uncertain whether tap water changes wounds healed compared with normal saline (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Tap water irrigation (monoject syringe) vs No rinsing

Presence of dry socket · Adults (>18 years) having permanent tooth extraction (predominantly mandibular third molars)

Tap water irrigation (monoject syringe) led to lower presence of dry socket compared with no rinsing; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Fluoride-containing dental care products (mainly fluoride toothpaste) vs Dietary fluoride sources (drinking water, beverages, food)

Contribution of dental care products to total daily fluoride intake (TDFI), by tap-water fluoride level · Children using fluoride-containing dental care products (majority of included studies)

In children in low-fluoridated tap water areas, dental care products contributed on average 39% of total fluoride exposure (ungraded).

5 findings from 1 review
Show 2 more findings

Fluoride-containing dental care products (mainly fluoride toothpaste) vs Dietary fluoride sources (drinking water, beverages, food)

Contribution of dental care products to total daily fluoride intake (TDFI), by tap-water fluoride level · Adults using fluoride-containing dental care products (two included studies [28,47]; aged 20-35)

In adults in poor-fluoridated tap water areas, dental care products contributed on average 12% of total fluoride exposure (ungraded; 1-2 studies).

3 findings from 1 review

Fluoride-containing dental care products (mainly fluoride toothpaste; one study also included fluoride varnish) vs Dietary fluoride sources (drinking water, beverages, food)

Contribution of dental care products to total daily fluoride intake (TDFI) · Humans using fluoride-containing dental care products; 28 included studies, mostly young children, only two studies in adults (aged…

Fluoride-containing dental care products (mainly toothpaste) contributed on average 38% (SD 27%) of total daily fluoride intake, regardless of tap-water fluoride level or age (ungraded; descriptive synthesis, no meta-analysis).

1 finding from 1 review

Daily fluoride intake from toothpaste vs Child age (across age groups)

Association between age and daily fluoride intake from toothpaste · Children using fluoride toothpaste (all tap-water fluoride categories)

There was no correlation between daily fluoride intake from toothpaste and the age of children (all R2 < 0.14), across all tap-water fluoride categories (ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review
  • Fluoride Intake Through Dental Care Products: A Systematic Review. 2022 All outcomes
    Multiple countries (28 studies; ~43% conducted in Brazil); community/general-population settings · All tap-water fluoride categories; Levy et al. [20,22,24] data excluded
    R2 (coefficient of determination) <0.14
    Studies not reported
    GRADE not reported

Mouthwash (amine/stannous fluoride; or chlorhexidine + cetylpyridinium + zinc) vs Chlorhexidine mouthwash or tap water

OLT and VSC scores · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…
1 finding from 1 review
  • Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
    7 days
    Wigger-Alberti 2010 mouthwash data (ASF; CHX + CPC + Zn; CHX; tap water) were calculated from a graph (Additional Table 1) but not included, as the report did not give details of sample size per group.
    1 study
    GRADE not reported