Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

8 questions · 8 findings · 1 reviews

No studies found 0 · 0%GRADE not reported 1 · 12.5%Very low 4 · 50%Low 1 · 12.5%Moderate 2 · 25%High 0 · 0%

Duration of pushing (minutes) · women in the second stage of labour

1 finding from 1 review

Pushing/bearing down methods for the second stage of labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 169 participants
Very low

Spontaneous vaginal delivery · women in the second stage of labour

Spontaneous pushing showed no clear difference in spontaneous vaginal delivery compared with directed pushing (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pushing/bearing down methods for the second stage of labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.01 [0.97, 1.05]
5 studies · 688 participants
Moderate

Duration of second stage (minutes) · women in the second stage of labour

1 finding from 1 review

Pushing/bearing down methods for the second stage of labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 667 participants
Very low

3rd or 4th degree tears · women in the second stage of labour

Spontaneous pushing showed no clear difference in perineal laceration (3rd or 4th degree) compared with directed pushing (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pushing/bearing down methods for the second stage of labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.87 [0.45, 1.66]
1 study · 320 participants
Low

Admission to neonatal intensive care unit · women in the second stage of labour

It is very uncertain whether spontaneous pushing changes admission to neonatal intensive care compared with directed pushing (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pushing/bearing down methods for the second stage of labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.08 [0.3, 3.79]
2 studies · 393 participants
Very low

Hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy · women in the second stage of labour

1 finding from 1 review

Pushing/bearing down methods for the second stage of labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes · women in the second stage of labour

It is very uncertain whether spontaneous pushing changes 5‐minute Apgar score < 7 compared with directed pushing (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pushing/bearing down methods for the second stage of labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.35 [0.01, 8.43]
1 study · 320 participants
Very low

Spontaneous vaginal delivery · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia

Delayed pushing probably leads to higher spontaneous vaginal delivery compared with immediate pushing (all women with epidural) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pushing/bearing down methods for the second stage of labour 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.07 [1.03, 1.11]
12 studies · 3114 participants
Moderate