Post-treatment pain within 1 week (from first session) · People aged 10 years or above requiring root canal treatment; permanent teeth with completely formed apex and without internal resorption
Single-visit root canal treatment probably leads to higher post-treatment pain within 1 week (from first session) compared with multiple-visit root canal treatment (two or more visits) (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · People aged 10 years or above requiring root canal treatment; permanent teeth with completely formed apex and without internal resorption
Single-visit root canal treatment showed no clear difference in postoperative pain in the immediate postobturation period (up to 72… compared with multiple-visit root canal treatment (two or more visits) (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Tooth extraction due to endodontic problems · People aged 10 years or above requiring root canal treatment; permanent teeth with completely formed apex and without internal resorption
It is very uncertain whether single-visit root canal treatment changes tooth extraction due to endodontic problems compared with multiple-visit root canal treatment (two or more visits) (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Swelling or flare-up · People aged 10 years or above requiring root canal treatment; permanent teeth with completely formed apex and without internal resorption
It is very uncertain whether single-visit root canal treatment changes swelling or flare-up compared with multiple-visit root canal treatment (two or more visits) (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Analgesic (painkiller) use · People aged 10 years or above requiring root canal treatment; permanent teeth with completely formed apex and without internal resorption
It is very uncertain whether single-visit root canal treatment changes analgesic (painkiller) use compared with multiple-visit root canal treatment (two or more visits) (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Pain at two weeks (postobturation) · People aged 10 years or above requiring root canal treatment; permanent teeth with completely formed apex and without internal resorption
Single-visit root canal treatment showed no clear difference in pain at two weeks (postobturation) compared with multiple-visit root canal treatment (two or more visits); GRADE not reported.
1 finding from 1 review
Pain at 12 months or more (long-term postobturation pain) · People aged 10 years or above requiring root canal treatment; permanent teeth with completely formed apex and without internal resorption
1 finding from 1 review
Sinus or fistula formation at last · People aged 10 years or above requiring root canal treatment; permanent teeth with completely formed apex and without internal resorption
It is very uncertain whether single-visit root canal treatment changes sinus tract or fistula formation compared with multiple-visit root canal treatment (two or more visits) (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Postoperative pain intensity in the immediate postobturation period (up to 72 hours), continuous (VAS) · People aged 10 years or above requiring root canal treatment; permanent teeth with completely formed apex and without internal resorption
Single-visit root canal treatment showed no clear difference in postoperative pain intensity in the immediate postobturation period… compared with multiple-visit root canal treatment (two or more visits) (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Pain at 1 month · People aged 10 years or above requiring root canal treatment; permanent teeth with completely formed apex and without internal resorption
1 finding from 1 review
One study (Dhyani 2022) reported pain at 1 month: 60 teeth (all vital at enrolment, mechanical NiTi), 0 events (no participant reported pain at 1 month); no meta-analysis
1 study · 60 participants
GRADE not reported
Postobturation pain at 1 week · People aged 10 years or above requiring root canal treatment; permanent teeth with completely formed apex and without internal resorption
It is very uncertain whether single-visit root canal treatment changes postobturation pain at 1 week compared with multiple-visit root canal treatment (two or more visits) (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Radiological failure (periapical radiolucency) after at least 1 year · People aged 10 years or above requiring root canal treatment; permanent teeth with completely formed apex and without internal resorption
Single-visit root canal treatment showed no clear difference in radiological failure (periapical radiolucency) after at least 1 year compared with multiple-visit root canal treatment (two or more visits) (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Treatment failure (annual failure rate) by cavity class · Children with carious primary teeth restored in Class-I versus Class-II cavities, no pulp therapy
Class-II restorations failed more than Class-I (annual failure 5-28.9% vs 1.2-14.7% in ART studies); low quality of evidence (ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Overall success (composite of clinical and radiographic success) · Permanent teeth with carious pulp exposure
Hemostasis within 6 min gave the highest success (90.4%), but the difference across hemostasis-time groups was not significant (ungraded).
13 findings from 1 review
Show 10 more findings
Proportion 0.856
Studies not reported
GRADE not reported
Proportion 0.862
Studies not reported
GRADE not reported
Proportion 0.824 [0.746, 0.890]
Studies not reported
GRADE not reported
Proportion 0.909 [0.833, 0.965]
Studies not reported
GRADE not reported
Proportion 0.882
Studies not reported
GRADE not reported
Proportion 0.867 [0.820, 0.907]
25 studies · 2012 participants
Very low
Proportion 0.902
Studies not reported
GRADE not reported
Proportion 0.838 [0.759, 0.904]
Studies not reported
GRADE not reported
Proportion 0.872 [0.803, 0.929]
Studies not reported
GRADE not reported
Proportion 0.859
Studies not reported
GRADE not reported
Pulp necrosis · Vital teeth restored with indirect restorations
Pulp necrosis incidence among treated by prosthodontists was 1.87% (subgroup analysis; not GRADE-rated).
23 findings from 1 review
Show 20 more findings
Incidence and influential factors in pulp necrosis and periapical pathosis following indirect restorations: a… 2023 All outcomesFollow-up ≤5 to >10 years · University clinics and dental practices, multiple countries · Temporization >2 weeks
Proportion 4.25 [1.28, 8.85]
2280 participants
GRADE not reported
Incidence and influential factors in pulp necrosis and periapical pathosis following indirect restorations: a… 2023 All outcomes>10 years · University clinics and dental practices, multiple countries · Follow-up >10 years
Proportion 6.74 [2.82, 12.18]
3640 participants
GRADE not reported
Incidence and influential factors in pulp necrosis and periapical pathosis following indirect restorations: a… 2023 All outcomesFollow-up ≤5 to >10 years · University clinics and dental practices, multiple countries · Temporization ≤2 weeks
Proportion 1.47 [0.81, 2.31]
1907 participants
GRADE not reported
Incidence and influential factors in pulp necrosis and periapical pathosis following indirect restorations: a… 2023 All outcomesFollow-up ≤5 to >10 years · University clinics and dental practices, multiple countries · Radiographic pulp-status assessment
Proportion 4.95 [2.43, 8.29]
1853 participants
GRADE not reported
Incidence and influential factors in pulp necrosis and periapical pathosis following indirect restorations: a… 2023 All outcomesFollow-up ≤5 to >10 years · University clinics and dental practices, multiple countries · Polyvinyl siloxane impression material
Proportion 3.17 [1.55, 5.34]
636 participants
GRADE not reported
Incidence and influential factors in pulp necrosis and periapical pathosis following indirect restorations: a… 2023 All outcomesFollow-up ≤5 to >10 years · University clinics and dental practices, multiple countries · Resin permanent cement
Proportion 3.37 [1.90, 5.23]
738 participants
GRADE not reported
Incidence and influential factors in pulp necrosis and periapical pathosis following indirect restorations: a… 2023 All outcomesFollow-up ≤5 to >10 years · University clinics and dental practices, multiple countries · Eugenol-based temporary cement
Proportion 3.34 [1.66, 5.58]
7043 participants
GRADE not reported
Proportion 3.53 [2.10, 5.31]
5532 participants
GRADE not reported
Proportion 5.02 [3.70, 6.52]
37 studies · 11615 participants
Low
Incidence and influential factors in pulp necrosis and periapical pathosis following indirect restorations: a… 2023 All outcomesFollow-up ≤5 to >10 years · University clinics and dental practices, multiple countries · Treated by general practitioners
Proportion 4.44 [2.16, 7.49]
2113 participants
GRADE not reported
Incidence and influential factors in pulp necrosis and periapical pathosis following indirect restorations: a… 2023 All outcomesFollow-up ≤5 to >10 years · University clinics and dental practices, multiple countries · Single-unit restorations
Proportion 5.46 [3.63, 7.64]
20 studies · 5491 participants
GRADE not reported
Incidence and influential factors in pulp necrosis and periapical pathosis following indirect restorations: a… 2023 All outcomesFollow-up ≤5 to >10 years · University clinics and dental practices, multiple countries · Zinc phosphate permanent cement
Proportion 4.92 [3.85, 6.20]
1387 participants
GRADE not reported
Incidence and influential factors in pulp necrosis and periapical pathosis following indirect restorations: a… 2023 All outcomesFollow-up ≤5 to >10 years · University clinics and dental practices, multiple countries · Polyether impression material
Proportion 4.02 [2.47, 5.92]
2985 participants
GRADE not reported
Incidence and influential factors in pulp necrosis and periapical pathosis following indirect restorations: a… 2023 All outcomesFollow-up ≤5 to >10 years · University clinics and dental practices, multiple countries · Ceramic fabrication material
Proportion 5.59 [2.89, 9.12]
460 participants
GRADE not reported
Incidence and influential factors in pulp necrosis and periapical pathosis following indirect restorations: a… 2023 All outcomesFollow-up ≤5 to >10 years · University clinics and dental practices, multiple countries · Subjective pulp-status assessment
Proportion 3.91 [1.86, 6.66]
3181 participants
GRADE not reported
Incidence and influential factors in pulp necrosis and periapical pathosis following indirect restorations: a… 2023 All outcomesFollow-up ≤5 to >10 years · University clinics and dental practices, multiple countries · Eugenol-free temporary cement
Proportion 5.77 [3.72, 8.24]
639 participants
GRADE not reported
Incidence and influential factors in pulp necrosis and periapical pathosis following indirect restorations: a… 2023 All outcomesFollow-up ≤5 to >10 years · University clinics and dental practices, multiple countries · Treated by undergraduate students
Proportion 5.68 [3.17, 8.86]
1604 participants
GRADE not reported
Incidence and influential factors in pulp necrosis and periapical pathosis following indirect restorations: a… 2023 All outcomesFollow-up ≤5 to >10 years · University clinics and dental practices, multiple countries · Glass ionomer (GIC) permanent cement
Proportion 5.33 [2.56, 9.03]
182 participants
GRADE not reported
Incidence and influential factors in pulp necrosis and periapical pathosis following indirect restorations: a… 2023 All outcomesFollow-up ≤5 to >10 years · University clinics and dental practices, multiple countries · Objective pulp-status assessment
Proportion 5.66 [3.71, 7.99]
6581 participants
GRADE not reported
Incidence and influential factors in pulp necrosis and periapical pathosis following indirect restorations: a… 2023 All outcomesFollow-up ≤5 to >10 years · University clinics and dental practices, multiple countries · Fixed partial dentures (FPD)
Proportion 5.01 [2.76, 7.88]
15 studies · 4674 participants
GRADE not reported
Periapical pathosis · Vital teeth restored with indirect restorations
Periapical pathosis incidence among follow-up >5-10 years was 3.88% (subgroup analysis; not GRADE-rated).
6 findings from 1 review
Show 3 more findings
Overall success (composite of clinical and radiographic success) · Human permanent teeth with irreversible pulpitis due to carious pulp exposure
Among 6 observational studies, pooled pulpotomy success was 92.6 per 100 (95% CI 0.86-0.96), very low certainty.
4 findings from 1 review
Show 1 more finding
Overall success (composite of clinical and radiographic success) · Human permanent teeth with asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis due to carious pulp exposure
In asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis, pooled pulpotomy success was 91.3% (95% CI 80-96.5%); ungraded.
1 finding from 1 review
Treatment failure (annual failure rate) · Children with carious primary teeth treated by atraumatic restorative treatment (hand-instrument caries removal), no pulp therapy
ART restorations (mainly GIC) had a wide annual failure rate (1.2-37.1%) across 10 RCTs, with technique affecting survival; low to unclear quality of evidence (ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Overall success (composite of clinical and radiographic success) · Human permanent teeth with irreversible pulpitis and open (immature) root apex due to carious pulp exposure
In open-apex teeth, pooled pulpotomy success was 95.8% (95% CI 81-99%); significantly higher than closed apex (z=2.33, p=0.02); ungraded.
1 finding from 1 review