What do systematic reviews say?

Selective vs routine episiotomy: all vaginal births where operative vaginal delivery was not anticipated

Selective may leads to lower severe perineal/vaginal trauma compared with routine episiotomy: all vaginal births where operative vaginal… (low certainty).

• Selective versus routine use of episiotomy for vaginal birth 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.7 [0.52, 0.94]
  8 studies · 5375 participants
  Low

Selective vs routine episiotomy: all vaginal births where operative vaginal delivery was not anticipated

• Selective versus routine use of episiotomy for vaginal birth 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 336 participants
  Very low

Selective vs routine episiotomy: all vaginal births where operative vaginal delivery was not anticipated

• Selective versus routine use of episiotomy for vaginal birth 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 501 participants
  Moderate

Selective vs routine episiotomy: all vaginal births where operative vaginal delivery was not anticipated

Selective showed no clear difference in perineal infection compared with routine episiotomy: all vaginal births where operative vaginal… (low certainty).

• Selective versus routine use of episiotomy for vaginal birth 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.9 [0.45, 1.82]
  3 studies · 1467 participants
  Low

Selective vs routine episiotomy: all vaginal births where operative vaginal delivery was not anticipated

It is very uncertain whether selective changes women with moderate or severe pain (measured by visual analogue scale) compared with routine episiotomy: all vaginal births where operative vaginal… (very low certainty).

• Selective versus routine use of episiotomy for vaginal birth 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.71 [0.48, 1.05]
  1 study · 165 participants
  Very low

Selective vs routine episiotomy: all vaginal births where operative vaginal delivery was not anticipated

Selective showed no clear difference in women with long‐term dyspareunia (≥ 6 months) compared with routine episiotomy: all vaginal births where operative vaginal… (moderate certainty).

• Selective versus routine use of episiotomy for vaginal birth 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.14 [0.84, 1.53]
  3 studies · 1107 participants
  Moderate

Selective vs routine episiotomy: all vaginal births where operative vaginal delivery was not anticipated

Selective showed no clear difference in women with long‐term urinary incontinence (≥ 6 months) compared with routine episiotomy: all vaginal births where operative vaginal… (low certainty).

• Selective versus routine use of episiotomy for vaginal birth 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.98 [0.67, 1.44]
  3 studies · 1107 participants
  Low

Non‐selective NSAIDs vs selective cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 inhibitors

• Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for acute gout 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Low

Non‐selective NSAIDs vs selective cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 inhibitors

• Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for acute gout 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Moderate

Non‐selective NSAIDs vs selective cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 inhibitors

• Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for acute gout 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Low

Non‐selective NSAIDs vs selective cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 inhibitors

Non‐selective NSAIDs probably leads to higher withdrawals due to adverse events compared with selective cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 inhibitors (moderate certainty).

• Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for acute gout 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.34 [1.33, 4.14]
  Studies not reported
  Moderate

Non‐selective NSAIDs vs selective cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 inhibitors

Non‐selective NSAIDs probably leads to higher total adverse events compared with selective cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 inhibitors (moderate certainty).

• Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for acute gout 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.94 [1.36, 2.78]
  Studies not reported
  Moderate

Non‐selective NSAIDs vs selective cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 inhibitors

• Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for acute gout 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Moderate

Non‐selective NSAIDs vs selective cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 inhibitors

• Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for acute gout 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Moderate

Selective COX‐2 inhibitors vs NSAIDs

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for acute low back pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Selective COX‐2 inhibitors vs NSAIDs

• Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for acute low back pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 437 participants
  Low

Selective COX‐2 inhibitors vs NSAIDs

• Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for acute low back pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 437 participants
  Moderate

Selective COX‐2 inhibitors vs NSAIDs

• Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for acute low back pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 333 participants
  Low

Selective COX‐2 inhibitors vs NSAIDs

It is very uncertain whether selective COX‐2 inhibitors changes proportion of participants experiencing adverse events compared with non‐selective NSAIDs (very low certainty).

• Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for acute low back pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.97 [0.63, 1.5]
  2 studies · 444 participants
  Very low

Nonselective beta‐blockers vs placebo

• Blood pressure lowering efficacy of nonselective beta‐blockers for primary hypertension 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  16 studies · 948 participants
  Low