What do systematic reviews say?

Psychological distress Measures: ‐ Parenting Stress Index (PSI‐SF) ‐ State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) · parents and carers of children with complex needs

Psychological health and emotional behaviour of children Timing: the longest time point available for each study Direction of effect: higher beneficial · Indigenous children aged < 5 years

Psychological health of parent/carer Timing: the longest time point available for each study Direction of effect: higher beneficial · Indigenous children aged < 5 years

Psychological distress Measures: ‐ Parenting Stress Index (PSI‐SF) ‐ Psychiatric Symptom Index (PSI) ‐ PSI anxiety sub‐scale ‐ State anxiety inventory ‐ Center for Epidemological Studies Depression Scale (CES‐D) ‐ Profile of Mood State Inventory (... · parents and carers of children with complex needs

Emotional and psychological distress · adults requiring an artificial airway with or without mechanical ventilator support

Emotional and psychological distress · adults requiring an artificial airway with or without mechanical ventilator support

Emotional and psychological distress · adults requiring an artificial airway with or without mechanical ventilator support

Psychological health: Depression End of intervention · Informal caregivers of adults with diagnosed illnesses

Psychological health: Depression End of intervention · Informal caregivers of adults with diagnosed illnesses

Psychological distress · informal caregivers of patients in the terminal phase of a disease