What do systematic reviews say?

Balanced protein and energy supplementation vs no intervention or control intervention (control)

Balanced protein and energy supplementation showed no clear difference in neonatal death compared with control or no intervention (low certainty).

• Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.68 [0.43, 1.07]
  5 studies · 3381 participants
  Low

Balanced protein and energy supplementation vs no intervention or control intervention (control)

Balanced protein and energy supplementation probably leads to lower small‐for‐gestational age compared with control or no intervention (moderate certainty).

• Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.79 [0.69, 0.9]
  7 studies · 4408 participants
  Moderate

Balanced protein and energy supplementation vs no intervention or control intervention (control)

Balanced protein and energy supplementation showed no clear difference in preterm birth compared with control or no intervention (moderate certainty).

• Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.96 [0.8, 1.16]
  5 studies · 3384 participants
  Moderate

Balanced protein and energy supplementation vs no intervention or control intervention (control)

• Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  11 studies · 5385 participants
  Moderate

Balanced protein and energy supplementation vs no intervention or control intervention (control)

• Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  9 studies · 2391 participants
  Very low

Balanced protein and energy supplementation vs no intervention or control intervention (control)

• Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Balanced protein and energy supplementation vs no intervention or control intervention (control)

Balanced protein and energy supplementation probably leads to lower stillbirth compared with control or no intervention (moderate certainty).

• Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.6 [0.39, 0.94]
  5 studies · 3408 participants
  Moderate

Nutritional education vs no counselling or education during pregnancy

• Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

• Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in stillbirth (low certainty).

• Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.81 [0.31, 2.15]
  1 study · 529 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in neonatal death (low certainty).

• Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.78 [0.75, 10.36]
  1 study · 529 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention probably leads to higher small‐for‐gestational age (moderate certainty).

• Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.58 [1.03, 2.41]
  1 study · 505 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in preterm birth (low certainty).

• Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.14 [0.83, 1.56]
  1 study · 505 participants
  Low

Nutritional education vs no counselling or education during pregnancy

Nutritional education showed no clear difference in stillbirth compared with no counselling or education during pregnancy (low certainty).

• Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.37 [0.07, 1.9]
  1 study · 431 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 504 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 486 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

• Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

• Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

• Antenatal dietary education and supplementation to increase energy and protein intake 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported