Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

5 questions · 5 findings · 2 reviews · Kidney and Transplant

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No studies found 0 · 0%GRADE not reported 0 · 0%Very low 1 · 20%Low 1 · 20%Moderate 3 · 60%High 0 · 0%

Endoscopic injection treatment vs antibiotics alone

Microbial resistance to prophylactic drug · primary VUR

It is very uncertain whether endoscopic injection treatment changes microbial resistance to the prophylactic drug compared with antibiotics alone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.63 [0.34, 1.15]
1 study · 24 participants
Very low

Probiotics vs antibiotic prophylaxis

E. coli resistance to prophylactic drug · primary VUR

Probiotics may leads to lower E. coli resistance to prophylactic drug compared with antibiotic prophylaxis (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.38 [0.21, 0.69]
2 studies · 38 participants
Low

Antibiotic prophylaxis vs placebo, no treatment or surveillance only

Microbial resistance to prophylactic drug: unit of analysis (UTI) · primary VUR

Antibiotic prophylaxis probably leads to higher microbial resistance to prophylactic drug: unit of analysis (UTI) compared with surveillance or no treatment (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.72 [1.85, 4]
6 studies · 259 participants
Moderate

Antibiotic 1 vs antibiotic 2

Microbial resistance to prophylactic drugs: nitrofurantoin (1) versus cotrimoxazole (2) · children with primarily normal renal tracts who have experienced at least one UTI

Antibiotic 1 probably leads to lower microbial resistance to prophylactic drugs: nitrofurantoin (1)… compared with antibiotic 2 (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Long‐term antibiotics for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.54 [0.31, 0.92]
2 studies · 96 participants
Moderate

Antibiotics vs placebo or no treatment

Microbial resistance to prophylactic drug · children with previous UTI and most do not have a renal tract abnormality such as VUR

Antibiotic treatment showed no clear difference in microbial resistance to prophylactic drug compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Long‐term antibiotics for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.4 [0.62, 9.26]
2 studies · 118 participants
Moderate