Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

92 questions · 99 findings · 6 reviews

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No studies found 11 · 11.1%GRADE not reported 2 · 2%Very low 5 · 5.1%Low 37 · 37.4%Moderate 33 · 33.3%High 11 · 11.1%

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors vs placebo

Migraine frequency Number of attacks · primary Raynaud's phenomenon

1 finding from 1 review

Vasodilators for primary Raynaud's phenomenon 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 111 participants
Low

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors vs placebo

Severity of attacks · primary Raynaud's phenomenon

1 finding from 1 review

Vasodilators for primary Raynaud's phenomenon 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 111 participants
Very low

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors vs placebo

Duration of attacks · primary Raynaud's phenomenon

1 finding from 1 review

Vasodilators for primary Raynaud's phenomenon 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 73 participants
Low

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors vs placebo

QoL · primary Raynaud's phenomenon

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Vasodilators for primary Raynaud's phenomenon 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors vs placebo

Adverse events · primary Raynaud's phenomenon

1 finding from 1 review

Vasodilators for primary Raynaud's phenomenon 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 138 participants
GRADE not reported

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors vs placebo

RCS · primary Raynaud's phenomenon

1 finding from 1 review

Vasodilators for primary Raynaud's phenomenon 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 79 participants
Low

Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors vs placebo

Lung function: FEV1 mL (change from baseline) · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
29 studies · 20815 participants
Moderate

Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors vs placebo

Change in FVC · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
17 studies · 22108 participants
High

Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors vs placebo

Change in PEF · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 4245 participants
Low

Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors vs placebo

Change in SGRQ total score · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
12 studies · 7645 participants
Moderate

Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors vs placebo

Exacerbations (number of people experiencing ≥ 1 exacerbations) · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors leads to lower number of participants with 1 or more exacerbations compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.78 [0.73, 0.84]
27 studies · 20382 participants
High

Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors vs placebo

Number experiencing adverse effects · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors may leads to higher number of participants experiencing an adverse event compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.3 [1.22, 1.38]
30 studies · 21310 participants
Low

Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors vs placebo

Diarrhoea · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors leads to higher gastrointestinal adverse effects: diarrhoea compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 3.1 [2.74, 3.5]
29 studies · 20623 participants
High

Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors vs placebo

Psychiatric adverse effects (roflumilast 500 µg) · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors probably leads to higher psychiatric adverse effects (roflumilast 500 µg) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 2.13 [1.79, 2.54]
14 studies · 11168 participants
Moderate

Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors vs placebo

All‐cause mortality · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors showed no clear difference in mortality compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.98 [0.77, 1.24]
27 studies · 19786 participants
Moderate

Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5i) vs placebo

Migraine frequency Number of attacks · adults with Raynaud's phenomenon (primary or secondary)

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5i) for the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low

Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5i) vs placebo

Duration of attacks per day (minutes) · adults with Raynaud's phenomenon (primary or secondary)

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5i) for the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low

Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5i) vs placebo

Severity of Raynaud's attack · adults with Raynaud's phenomenon (primary or secondary)

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5i) for the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Very low

Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5i) vs placebo

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · adults with Raynaud's phenomenon (primary or secondary)

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5i) for the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low

Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5i) vs placebo

Patient global · adults with Raynaud's phenomenon (primary or secondary)

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5i) for the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low