Lung function: FEV1 mL (change from baseline) · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
1 finding from 1 review
Change in FVC · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
1 finding from 1 review
Change in PEF · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
1 finding from 1 review
Change in SGRQ total score · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
1 finding from 1 review
Exacerbations (number of people experiencing ≥ 1 exacerbations) · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors leads to lower number of participants with 1 or more exacerbations compared with placebo (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Number experiencing adverse effects · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors may leads to higher number of participants experiencing an adverse event compared with placebo (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Diarrhoea · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors leads to higher gastrointestinal adverse effects: diarrhoea compared with placebo (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Psychiatric adverse effects (roflumilast 500 µg) · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors probably leads to higher psychiatric adverse effects (roflumilast 500 µg) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
All‐cause mortality · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors showed no clear difference in mortality compared with placebo (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Migraine frequency Number of attacks · adults with Raynaud's phenomenon (primary or secondary)
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low
Duration of attacks per day (minutes) · adults with Raynaud's phenomenon (primary or secondary)
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low
Severity of Raynaud's attack · adults with Raynaud's phenomenon (primary or secondary)
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Very low
Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · adults with Raynaud's phenomenon (primary or secondary)
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low
Patient global · adults with Raynaud's phenomenon (primary or secondary)
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low
Withdrawals due to adverse events · adults with Raynaud's phenomenon (primary or secondary)
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Moderate
Serious adverse events · adults with Raynaud's phenomenon (primary or secondary)
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Moderate
Migraine frequency Number of attacks · primary Raynaud's phenomenon
1 finding from 1 review
Severity of attacks · primary Raynaud's phenomenon
1 finding from 1 review
Duration of attacks · primary Raynaud's phenomenon
1 finding from 1 review
QoL · primary Raynaud's phenomenon
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found