Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

47 questions · 69 findings · 2 reviews · Orthodontics

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No studies found 28 · 40.6%GRADE not reported 23 · 33.3%Very low 11 · 15.9%Low 4 · 5.8%Moderate 3 · 4.3%High 0 · 0%

Ibuprofen taken pre-emptively (about 1 hour before treatment) vs Ibuprofen taken post-treatment

Failure to complete orthodontic treatment due to pain · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for pain relief during orthodontic treatment 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
No studies in this comparison reported this outcome.
0 studies
No studies found

Post‐treatment communication (text messaging) vs No communication (no text message)

Adverse effects of pain treatment · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for alleviating pain during orthodontic treatment 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
Adverse effects: Not measured.
Studies not reported
No studies found

Ibuprofen taken pre-emptively (about 1 hour before treatment) vs Ibuprofen taken post-treatment

Rescue analgesia · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies)

Ibuprofen taken pre-emptively (about 1 hour before treatment) showed no clear difference in rescue analgesia compared with ibuprofen taken post-treatment; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for pain relief during orthodontic treatment 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
RR 0.8 [0.3, 1.9]
2 studies · 41 participants
GRADE not reported

Ibuprofen taken pre-emptively (about 1 hour before treatment) vs Ibuprofen taken post-treatment

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies)

It is very uncertain whether ibuprofen taken pre-emptively (about 1 hour before treatment) changes pain intensity (VAS 0-100 mm) compared with ibuprofen taken post-treatment (very low certainty).

3 findings from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for pain relief during orthodontic treatment 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 hours
MD -9.74 [-47.88, 28.40]
2 studies · 69 participants
Very low
Pharmacological interventions for pain relief during orthodontic treatment 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
2 hours
MD -11.30 [-16.27, -6.33]
1 study · 41 participants
Very low
Pharmacological interventions for pain relief during orthodontic treatment 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
6 hours
MD -8.43 [-30.37, 13.50]
2 studies · 69 participants
Very low

Ibuprofen taken pre-emptively (about 1 hour before treatment) vs Ibuprofen taken post-treatment

Time off school or work · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for pain relief during orthodontic treatment 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
No studies in this comparison reported this outcome.
0 studies
No studies found

Ibuprofen taken pre-emptively (about 1 hour before treatment) vs Ibuprofen taken post-treatment

Quality of life or participant satisfaction · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for pain relief during orthodontic treatment 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
No studies in this comparison reported this outcome.
0 studies
No studies found

Ibuprofen taken pre-emptively (about 1 hour before treatment) vs Ibuprofen taken post-treatment

Adverse events · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for pain relief during orthodontic treatment 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
No studies in this comparison reported any adverse events.
0 studies
No studies found

Analgesic (any: NSAID, paracetamol, local anaesthetic or opioid) vs placebo or control

Failure to complete orthodontic treatment due to pain · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for pain relief during orthodontic treatment 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
No studies reported this outcome.
0 studies
No studies found

Post‐treatment communication (text messaging) vs No communication (no text message)

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies)

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for alleviating pain during orthodontic treatment 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
Up to 7 days
Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief: VAS (1 mm to 100 mm) ‐ 24 hours. Assumed risk: Not measured. Corresponding risk: not estimable. 39 participants (1 RCT). Quality: very low. Comments: insufficient…
1 study · 39 participants
Very low

Topical NSAID (ketoprofen lysinate mouthwash, 160 mg) vs Topical NSAID (benzidamine hydrochloride mouthwash, 22.5 mg)

Failure to complete orthodontic treatment due to pain · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for pain relief during orthodontic treatment 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
The study did not report this outcome.
0 studies
No studies found

Topical NSAID (ketoprofen chewing gum) vs Local anaesthetic (benzocaine chewing gum)

Failure to complete orthodontic treatment due to pain · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for pain relief during orthodontic treatment 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
The study did not report this outcome.
0 studies
No studies found

NSAID (systemic) vs paracetamol

Failure to complete orthodontic treatment due to pain · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for pain relief during orthodontic treatment 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
No studies in this comparison reported this outcome.
0 studies
No studies found

Low‐level laser therapy vs Placebo (or no irradiation)

Adverse effects of pain treatment · Adolescents and adults undergoing orthodontic treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for alleviating pain during orthodontic treatment 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
Adverse effects: Not measured.
Studies not reported
No studies found

CBT vs No special instructions (control)

Adverse effects of pain treatment · Adults undergoing orthodontic treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for alleviating pain during orthodontic treatment 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
Adverse effects for CBT: Not measured.
Studies not reported
No studies found

Experimental chewing adjuncts (bite wafers or chewing gum) vs No chewing gum, placebo, or control (no adjunct)

Adverse effects of pain treatment · Adolescents/teenagers undergoing orthodontic treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for alleviating pain during orthodontic treatment 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
Adverse effects: Not measured.
Studies not reported
No studies found

Brain wave music (BWM) vs No special instructions (control)

Adverse effects of pain treatment · Adults undergoing orthodontic treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for alleviating pain during orthodontic treatment 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
Adverse effects for BWM: Not measured.
Studies not reported
No studies found

Vibratory stimulation (vibratory adjuncts) vs No vibration or placebo vibration

Adverse effects of pain treatment · Adolescents and adults undergoing orthodontic treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for alleviating pain during orthodontic treatment 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
Adverse effects: Not measured.
Studies not reported
No studies found

Analgesic (any: NSAID, paracetamol, local anaesthetic or opioid) vs placebo or control

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies)

Analgesic (any: NSAID, paracetamol, local anaesthetic or opioid) probably leads to lower pain intensity (VAS 0-100 mm) compared with control (placebo or no treatment) (moderate certainty).

3 findings from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for pain relief during orthodontic treatment 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
2 hours
MD -11.66 [-16.15, -7.17]
10 studies · 685 participants
Moderate
Pharmacological interventions for pain relief during orthodontic treatment 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 hours
MD -21.19 [-28.31, -14.06]
12 studies · 1012 participants
Moderate
Pharmacological interventions for pain relief during orthodontic treatment 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
6 hours
MD -24.27 [-31.44, -17.11]
9 studies · 535 participants
Moderate

Analgesic (any: NSAID, paracetamol, local anaesthetic or opioid) vs placebo or control

Quality of life or participant satisfaction · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies)

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for pain relief during orthodontic treatment 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
Reported narratively by 2 studies (Wang 2012: SF-36 and SAS - significant reduction in SF-36 bodily pain at 30 days vs baseline, no significant between-group differences; Minor 2009: STAI and PANAS - no significant…
2 studies
GRADE not reported

Analgesic (any: NSAID, paracetamol, local anaesthetic or opioid) vs placebo or control

Rescue analgesia · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies)

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for pain relief during orthodontic treatment 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
Use of rescue analgesia recorded in 7 studies; only 2 reported counts (Tuncer 2014: 2 participants; Bruno 2011: 6 participants); no class/dose/timing reported; not pooled. SoF cell: 'Not reported'.
7 studies
GRADE not reported