Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

47 questions · 48 findings · 5 reviews · Neonatal · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 22 · 45.8%GRADE not reported 0 · 0%Very low 10 · 20.8%Low 14 · 29.2%Moderate 2 · 4.2%High 0 · 0%

Topical anesthetics vs placebo or no intervention

Episodes of apnea · lumbar puncture in newborn infants

It is very uncertain whether topical anesthetics changes apnea: occurrence of one or more episodes№ of LPs: 100(1 quasi‐RCT) compared with placebo or no intervention (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids vs oral sweet solution or non‐pharmacological intervention

Pain, assessed using the CRIES pain scale, ranging from 0 to 10, during the procedure— opioids versus facilitated tucking · procedural pain in neonates
2 findings from 1 review