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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

36 questions · 36 findings · 4 reviews · Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma

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No studies found 14 · 38.9%GRADE not reported 0 · 0%Very low 19 · 52.8%Low 2 · 5.6%Moderate 1 · 2.8%High 0 · 0%

Low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound vs control

Delayed or non‐union (medium term) · acute fractures in adults; included studies assessed effects in complete upper limb fractures (distal radius, clavicle, scaphoid,…

Low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound showed no clear difference in delayed or non‐union (medium term) compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound vs control

Adverse events ‐ total of adverse events (Skin irritation) · acute fractures in adults; included studies assessed effects in complete upper limb fractures (distal radius, clavicle, scaphoid,…

It is very uncertain whether low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound changes adverse events Reported as skin irritation compared with control (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings. Below‐elbow vs above‐elbow cast

'Treatment failure': secondary procedures such as remanipulation for early loss of position (only data for this used here); and change in treatment ( · children with either displaced distal radius fracture with intact or displaced ulna fracture (both‐bone fracture), or minimally displaced…

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings. Below‐elbow changes 'Treatment failure': secondary procedures such as remanipulation for… compared with above‐elbow cast (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings. Surgery (percutaneous wire fixation) vs not surgery (cast only)

'Treatment failure': various secondary procedures such as remanipulation for early loss of position; early or more complex wire removal ( · children with displaced distal radius fracture with intact or involved or displaced ulna fracture (both‐bone fracture)

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings. Surgery (percutaneous wire fixation) changes 'Treatment failure': various secondary procedures such as… compared with not surgery (cast only) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Failure: second attempt required · Children with pulled elbow1

The intervention may leads to lower failure: second attempt required (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Failure: continued failure after second attempt using same procedure as before · Children with pulled elbow1

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes failure: continued failure after second attempt using same procedure… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review