Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

63 questions · 63 findings · 2 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth

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No studies found 2 · 3.2%GRADE not reported 0 · 0%Very low 30 · 47.6%Low 24 · 38.1%Moderate 4 · 6.3%High 3 · 4.8%

Intervention not reported

Opioids versus TENS

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Epidural vs opioid

Maternal pain score measured during labour · women in labour

1 finding from 1 review

Epidural versus non‐epidural or no analgesia for pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 1133 participants
Low

Epidural vs opioid

Satisfaction with pain relief · women in labour

Epidural may leads to higher satisfaction with pain relief ‐ proportion rating excellent or very… compared with opioids (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Epidural versus non‐epidural or no analgesia for pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.47 [1.03, 2.08]
7 studies · 1911 participants
Low

Epidural vs opioid

Instrumental vaginal birth · women in labour

Epidural may leads to higher assisted vaginal birth compared with opioids (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Epidural versus non‐epidural or no analgesia for pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.44 [1.29, 1.6]
30 studies · 9948 participants
Low

Epidural vs opioid

Caesarean section · women in labour

Epidural showed no clear difference in caesarean section compared with opioids (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Epidural versus non‐epidural or no analgesia for pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.07 [0.96, 1.18]
33 studies · 10350 participants
Moderate

Epidural vs opioid

Side effects (maternal) ‐ long‐term backache · women in labour

Epidural showed no clear difference in side effects (maternal) ‐ long‐term backache compared with opioids (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Epidural versus non‐epidural or no analgesia for pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1 [0.89, 1.12]
2 studies · 814 participants
Moderate

Epidural vs opioid

Admission to neonatal or intensive care nursery · women in labour

Epidural showed no clear difference in admission to special care baby unit/neonatal intensive care unit (as… compared with opioids (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Epidural versus non‐epidural or no analgesia for pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.03 [0.95, 1.12]
8 studies · 4488 participants
Moderate

Epidural vs opioid

Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes · women in labour

Epidural showed no clear difference in apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes compared with opioids (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Epidural versus non‐epidural or no analgesia for pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.73 [0.52, 1.02]
22 studies · 8752 participants
Low

IM pethidine vs placebo

Maternal satisfaction with analgesia measured during labour (number of women satisfied or very satisfied after 30 minutes) · women in labour

It is very uncertain whether IM pethidine changes maternal satisfaction with analgesia measured during labour (number… compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 7 [0.38, 128.87]
1 study · 50 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Epidural

1 finding from 1 review

Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Very low

Intervention not reported

Maternal pain score measured during labour

1 finding from 1 review

Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low

Intervention not reported

Maternal satisfaction with analgesia (Analgesic effect described as satisfactory (not clear when measured))

1 finding from 1 review

Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Very low

Intervention not reported

Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (Maternal pain relief poor or none (3‐5 PN))

1 finding from 1 review

Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low

Intervention not reported

Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (Pain intensity 4 or 5 on 5‐point scale (1 hour))

1 finding from 1 review

Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Very low

Intervention not reported

Maternal satisfaction with analgesia in labour measured during the postnatal period (Global assessment of pain relief at 24 hours)

1 finding from 1 review

Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Very low

Intervention not reported

Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (Pain intensity at 1 hour (moderate or severe))

1 finding from 1 review

Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Very low

Intervention not reported

Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (Pain intensity: women with poor pain relief)

1 finding from 1 review

Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low

Intervention not reported

Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (Maternal pain relief poor at 1 hour)

1 finding from 1 review

Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Very low

Intervention not reported

Maternal satisfaction with analgesia measured during labour (Pain relief (good or very good) at delivery)

1 finding from 1 review

Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Very low

IM pethidine vs placebo

Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (described as good or fair after 1 hour) · women in labour

IM pethidine may leads to higher maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (described as good or… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.75 [1.24, 2.47]
1 study · 116 participants
Low