Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

7 questions · 7 findings · 1 reviews · Back and Neck

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No studies found 0 · 0%GRADE not reported 0 · 0%Very low 3 · 42.9%Low 1 · 14.3%Moderate 3 · 42.9%High 0 · 0%

Strong opioids vs placebo

Mean pain intensity (Numeric Rating Scale 0–10) · adults with chronic low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids compared to placebo or other treatments for chronic low‐back pain 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 1887 participants
Moderate

Disability (higher ratings mean greater disability). Various instruments were used, e.g. in Oswestry Disability Index > 6 months' post operative 0% (no disability) to 100% (bedridden) · adults with chronic low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids compared to placebo or other treatments for chronic low‐back pain 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 1375 participants
Moderate

Strong opioids vs placebo

At least 30% reduction in pain · adults with chronic low‐back pain

Strong opioids probably leads to higher at least 30% of pain relief or moderate relief compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids compared to placebo or other treatments for chronic low‐back pain 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.91 [1.41, 2.58]
3 studies · 819 participants
Moderate

Strong opioids vs placebo

At least 50% reduction in pain · adults with chronic low‐back pain

It is very uncertain whether strong opioids changes at least 50% of pain relief compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids compared to placebo or other treatments for chronic low‐back pain 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.89 [1.34, 2.66]
2 studies · 750 participants
Very low

Strong opioids vs placebo

Somnolence · adults with chronic low‐back pain

It is very uncertain whether strong opioids changes side effects ‐ Somnolence compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids compared to placebo or other treatments for chronic low‐back pain 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RD 6
5 studies · 2346 participants
Very low

Strong opioids vs placebo

Nausea · adults with chronic low‐back pain

Strong opioids showed no clear difference in side effects ‐ Nausea compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids compared to placebo or other treatments for chronic low‐back pain 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RD 12
5 studies · 2346 participants
Low

Strong opioids vs placebo

Constipation · adults with chronic low‐back pain

It is very uncertain whether strong opioids changes side effects ‐ Constipation compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids compared to placebo or other treatments for chronic low‐back pain 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RD 11
5 studies · 2346 participants
Very low