Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

111 questions · 123 findings · 10 reviews · Gynaecology and Fertility

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No studies found 21 · 17.1%GRADE not reported 1 · 0.8%Very low 34 · 27.6%Low 49 · 39.8%Moderate 18 · 14.6%High 0 · 0%

Oestrogen ring vs other regimens

Improvement in symptoms (participant‐assessed) (oestrogen ring vs oestrogen cream) · postmenopausal women with vaginal atrophy

Oestrogen ring showed no clear difference in improvement in symptoms (participant‐assessed) (oestrogen ring vs… compared with other regimens (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Local oestrogen for vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.33 [0.8, 2.19]
2 studies · 341 participants
Low

Oestrogen ring vs other regimens

Improvement in symptoms (participant‐assessed) (oestrogen ring vs oestrogen tablets) · postmenopausal women with vaginal atrophy

Oestrogen ring showed no clear difference in improvement in symptoms (participant‐assessed) (oestrogen ring vs… compared with other regimens (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Local oestrogen for vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.78 [0.53, 1.15]
3 studies · 567 participants
Low

Oestrogen ring vs other regimens

Endometrial thickness (mm) · postmenopausal women with vaginal atrophy

Oestrogen ring may leads to lower endometrial thickness (oestrogen ring vs oestrogen cream) compared with other regimens (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Local oestrogen for vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.36 [0.14, 0.94]
2 studies · 273 participants
Low

Oestrogen ring vs other regimens

Improvement in symptoms (clinician‐assessed) (oestrogen ring vs oestrogen cream) · postmenopausal women with vaginal atrophy

Oestrogen ring showed no clear difference in improvement in symptoms (clinician‐assessed) (oestrogen ring vs… compared with other regimens (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Local oestrogen for vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.04 [0.7, 1.53]
3 studies · 533 participants
Low

Oestrogen ring vs other regimens

Improvement in symptoms (clinician‐assessed) (oestrogen ring vs oestrogen tablets) · postmenopausal women with vaginal atrophy

Oestrogen ring showed no clear difference in improvement in symptoms (clinician‐assessed) (oestrogen ring vs… compared with other regimens (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Local oestrogen for vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.45 [0.9, 2.32]
2 studies · 397 participants
Low

Oestrogen ring vs other regimens

Adverse events (total adverse events) (oestrogen ring vs oestrogen cream) · postmenopausal women with vaginal atrophy

Oestrogen ring showed no clear difference in adverse events (total adverse events) (oestrogen ring vs oestrogen… compared with other regimens (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Local oestrogen for vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.88 [0.47, 1.63]
1 study · 192 participants
Low

Oestrogen ring vs other regimens

Adverse events (total adverse events) (oestrogen cream vs non‐hormonal lubricant gel) · postmenopausal women with vaginal atrophy

Oestrogen ring showed no clear difference in adverse events (total adverse events) (oestrogen ring vs placebo) compared with other regimens (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Local oestrogen for vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.45 [0.11, 1.78]
1 study · 37 participants
Moderate

Oestrogen cream vs other regimens

Improvement in symptoms (participant‐assessed) (oestrogen cream vs isoflavone gel) · postmenopausal women with vaginal atrophy

Oestrogen cream showed no clear difference in improvement in symptoms (participant‐assessed) (oestrogen cream vs… compared with other regimens (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Local oestrogen for vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 2.08 [0.08, 53.76]
1 study · 50 participants
Low

Oestrogen cream vs other regimens

Improvement in symptoms (participant‐assessed) oestrogen cream vs placebo) · postmenopausal women with vaginal atrophy

Oestrogen cream may leads to higher improvement in symptoms (participant‐assessed) oestrogen cream vs… compared with other regimens (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Local oestrogen for vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 4.1 [1.88, 8.93]
2 studies · 198 participants
Low

Oestrogen cream vs other regimens

Improvement in symptoms (clinician‐assessed) (oestrogen cream vs placebo) · postmenopausal women with vaginal atrophy

Oestrogen cream may leads to higher improvement in symptoms (clinician‐assessed) (oestrogen cream vs… compared with other regimens (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Local oestrogen for vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 3.29 [1.47, 7.36]
1 study · 153 participants
Low

Oestrogen cream vs other regimens

Adverse events (total adverse events) (oestrogen cream vs non‐hormonal lubricant gel) · postmenopausal women with vaginal atrophy

Oestrogen cream showed no clear difference in adverse events (total adverse events) (oestrogen cream vs… compared with other regimens (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Local oestrogen for vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 10.67 [0.54, 209.64]
1 study · 50 participants
Low

Oestrogen tablets vs other regimens

Endometrial thickness (mm) · postmenopausal women with vaginal atrophy

Oestrogen tablets showed no clear difference in endometrial thickness (oestrogen tablets vs oestrogen cream) compared with other regimens (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Local oestrogen for vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.31 [0.06, 1.6]
2 studies · 151 participants
Low

Oestrogen tablets vs other regimens

Improvement in symptoms (clinician‐assessed) (oestrogen tablets vs oestrogen cream) · postmenopausal women with vaginal atrophy

Oestrogen tablets showed no clear difference in improvement in symptoms (clinician‐assessed) (oestrogen tablets vs… compared with other regimens (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Local oestrogen for vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.03 [0.7, 1.52]
3 studies · 528 participants
Low

Oestrogen tablets vs other regimens

Improvement in symptoms (clinician‐assessed) (oestrogen tablets vs placebo) · postmenopausal women with vaginal atrophy

Oestrogen tablets may leads to higher improvement in symptoms (clinician‐assessed) (oestrogen tablets vs… compared with other regimens (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Local oestrogen for vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 12.85 [10.39, 15.89]
4 studies · 2078 participants
Low

Oestrogen tablets vs other regimens

Adverse events (total adverse events) (oestrogen cream vs non‐hormonal lubricant gel) · postmenopausal women with vaginal atrophy

Oestrogen tablets showed no clear difference in adverse events (total adverse events) (oestrogen tablets vs placebo) compared with other regimens (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Local oestrogen for vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.27 [0.24, 6.69]
1 study · 309 participants
Moderate

Oestrogen tablets vs other regimens

Improvement in symptoms (participant‐assessed) (oestrogen cream vs isoflavone gel) · postmenopausal women with vaginal atrophy

Oestrogen tablets showed no clear difference in improvement in symptoms (participant‐assessed) (oestrogen tablets vs… compared with other regimens (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Local oestrogen for vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.06 [0.55, 2.01]
2 studies · 208 participants
Low

Oestrogen tablets vs other regimens

Improvement in symptoms (participant‐assessed) (oestrogen tablets vs placebo) · postmenopausal women with vaginal atrophy

Oestrogen tablets may leads to higher improvement in symptoms (participant‐assessed) (oestrogen tablets vs… compared with other regimens (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Local oestrogen for vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 12.47 [9.81, 15.84]
2 studies · 1638 participants
Low

Antioestrogen vs antioestrogen

OHSS · ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome

1 finding from 1 review

Clomiphene and other antioestrogens for ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 567 participants
GRADE not reported

Antioestrogen vs antioestrogen

Clinical pregnancy rate · ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome

It is very uncertain whether antioestrogen changes clomiphene citrate plus tamoxifen versus clomiphene citrate ‐… compared with antioestrogen (very low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Clomiphene and other antioestrogens for ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 3.32 [0.12, 91.6]
1 study · 20 participants
Very low
Clomiphene and other antioestrogens for ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.3 [0.92, 1.85]
5 studies · 757 participants
Low

Antioestrogen vs antioestrogen

Live birth rate · ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome

Antioestrogen showed no clear difference in clomiphene citrate versus tamoxifen ‐ Live birth rate compared with antioestrogen (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Clomiphene and other antioestrogens for ovulation induction in polycystic ovarian syndrome 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.24 [0.59, 2.62]
2 studies · 195 participants
Low