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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

520 questions · 527 findings · 55 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 140 · 26.6%GRADE not reported 66 · 12.5%Very low 121 · 23%Low 115 · 21.8%Moderate 77 · 14.6%High 8 · 1.5%

No monitoring vs frequent monitoring (12 hours or less) of gastric residual volume

Mortality (at the end of · adults receiving EN via nasogastric or gastrostomy tube

It is very uncertain whether no monitoring changes mortality (at the end of compared with frequent monitoring (12 hours or less) of gastric residual volume (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

No monitoring vs frequent monitoring (12 hours or less) of gastric residual volume

Pneumonia · adults receiving EN via nasogastric or gastrostomy tube

It is very uncertain whether no monitoring changes pneumonia (until discontinued or up to 28 days) compared with frequent monitoring (12 hours or less) of gastric residual volume (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Central and local monitoring only vs central and local monitoring with on‐site visits

Impact of the monitoring strategy on · clinical trials in all fields of health care

It is very uncertain whether central and local monitoring only changes impact of the monitoring strategy on compared with central and local monitoring with on‐site visits (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Central and local monitoring only vs central and local monitoring with on‐site visits

Combined outcome of proportion of participants with major or critical monitoring findings · clinical trials in all fields of health care

Central and local monitoring only probably leads to higher combined outcome of proportion of participants with major or… compared with central and local monitoring with on‐site visits (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Central monitoring with triggered vs untriggered on‐site visits

Sites ≥ 1 major monitoring finding combined outcome · clinical trials in all fields of health care

Central monitoring with triggered showed no clear difference in sites ≥ 1 major monitoring finding combined outcome compared with untriggered on‐site visits (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Self‐monitoring vs a different type of self‐monitoring

Perinatal mortality · women with pre‐existing diabetes

It is very uncertain whether self‐monitoring changes perinatal mortality (stillbirth and neonatal mortality) compared with a different type of self‐monitoring (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Self‐monitoring vs intermittent glucose monitoring

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: pre‐eclampsia · women with gestational diabetes mellitus

It is very uncertain whether self‐monitoring changes hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: pre‐eclampsia compared with periodic glucose monitoring (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review