Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

83 questions · 83 findings · 8 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth

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No studies found 12 · 14.5%GRADE not reported 6 · 7.2%Very low 24 · 28.9%Low 31 · 37.3%Moderate 10 · 12%High 0 · 0%

Medical treatment vs placebo

Breast pain · women with breast engorgement

1 finding from 1 review

Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 70 participants
Low

Medical treatment vs placebo

Breast induration/hardness · women with breast engorgement

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Medical treatment vs placebo

Breast swelling · women with breast engorgement

1 finding from 1 review

Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 129 participants
Low

Medical treatment vs placebo

Breast engorgement · women with breast engorgement

1 finding from 1 review

Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 115 participants
Low

Medical treatment vs placebo

Maternal opinion of treatment · women with breast engorgement

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Medical treatment vs placebo

Cessation of breastfeeding, · women with breast engorgement

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Medical treatment vs placebo

Number of women with adverse events, · women with breast engorgement

1 finding from 1 review

Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 129 participants
Low

Tranexamic acid vs placebo/no treatment

Use of additional medical interventions to control PPH · pregnant women undergoing vaginal or caesarean birth who received TA for the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage

Tranexamic acid probably leads to lower use of additional medical interventions to control PPH compared with placebo/no treatment (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Tranexamic acid for preventing postpartum haemorrhage 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.48 [0.34, 0.68]
5 studies · 2049 participants
Moderate

Intrauterine balloon tamponade (condom‐loaded catheter) vs uterovaginal packing (intrauterine tamponade versus another intrauterine tamponade method)

Mortality due to bleeding · Women (aged between 20 and 40) diagnosed with primary PPH following 'normal' vaginal birth and unresponsive to medical treatment (Ashraf…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intrauterine balloon tamponade (condom‐loaded catheter) vs uterovaginal packing (intrauterine tamponade versus another intrauterine tamponade method)

Hysterectomy to control bleeding · Women (aged between 20 and 40) diagnosed with primary PPH following 'normal' vaginal birth and unresponsive to medical treatment (Ashraf…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intrauterine balloon tamponade (condom‐loaded catheter) vs uterovaginal packing (intrauterine tamponade versus another intrauterine tamponade method)

Serious maternal morbidity (renal or respiratory failure, cardiac arrest or multiple organ failure) · Women (aged between 20 and 40) diagnosed with primary PPH following 'normal' vaginal birth and unresponsive to medical treatment (Ashraf…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intrauterine balloon tamponade (condom‐loaded catheter) vs uterovaginal packing (intrauterine tamponade versus another intrauterine tamponade method)

Number of women with total blood loss 1000 mL or more after randomisation · Women (aged between 20 and 40) diagnosed with primary PPH following 'normal' vaginal birth and unresponsive to medical treatment (Ashraf…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intrauterine balloon tamponade (condom‐loaded catheter) vs uterovaginal packing (intrauterine tamponade versus another intrauterine tamponade method)

Mean blood loss (mL) (trialist defined) · Women (aged between 20 and 40) diagnosed with primary PPH following 'normal' vaginal birth and unresponsive to medical treatment (Ashraf…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intrauterine balloon tamponade (condom‐loaded catheter) vs uterovaginal packing (intrauterine tamponade versus another intrauterine tamponade method)

Blood transfusion (red cell or whole blood) · Women (aged between 20 and 40) diagnosed with primary PPH following 'normal' vaginal birth and unresponsive to medical treatment (Ashraf…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intrauterine balloon tamponade (condom‐loaded catheter) vs uterovaginal packing (intrauterine tamponade versus another intrauterine tamponade method)

Side effects of the intervention (e.g. trauma, necrosis) ‐ fever · Women (aged between 20 and 40) diagnosed with primary PPH following 'normal' vaginal birth and unresponsive to medical treatment (Ashraf…

It is very uncertain whether intrauterine balloon tamponade (condom‐loaded catheter) changes side effects of the intervention (e.g. trauma, necrosis) ‐ fever compared with uterovaginal packing (intrauterine tamponade versus another… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.47 [0.38, 0.59]
1 study · 212 participants
Very low

Selective vs routine episiotomy: all vaginal births where operative vaginal delivery was not anticipated

Severe perineal/vaginal trauma · Women in labour where operative delivery was not anticipated. (Women were above 16 years old and between 28 gestational weeks and full…

Selective may leads to lower severe perineal/vaginal trauma compared with routine episiotomy: all vaginal births where operative vaginal… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Selective versus routine use of episiotomy for vaginal birth 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.7 [0.52, 0.94]
8 studies · 5375 participants
Low

Selective vs routine episiotomy: all vaginal births where operative vaginal delivery was not anticipated

Blood loss at delivery · Women in labour where operative delivery was not anticipated. (Women were above 16 years old and between 28 gestational weeks and full…

1 finding from 1 review

Selective versus routine use of episiotomy for vaginal birth 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 336 participants
Very low

Selective vs routine episiotomy: all vaginal births where operative vaginal delivery was not anticipated

Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes · Women in labour where operative delivery was not anticipated. (Women were above 16 years old and between 28 gestational weeks and full…

1 finding from 1 review

Selective versus routine use of episiotomy for vaginal birth 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 501 participants
Moderate

Selective vs routine episiotomy: all vaginal births where operative vaginal delivery was not anticipated

Perineal infection · Women in labour where operative delivery was not anticipated. (Women were above 16 years old and between 28 gestational weeks and full…

Selective showed no clear difference in perineal infection compared with routine episiotomy: all vaginal births where operative vaginal… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Selective versus routine use of episiotomy for vaginal birth 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.9 [0.45, 1.82]
3 studies · 1467 participants
Low

Selective vs routine episiotomy: all vaginal births where operative vaginal delivery was not anticipated

Women with moderate or severe pain (measured by visual analogue scale) · Women in labour where operative delivery was not anticipated. (Women were above 16 years old and between 28 gestational weeks and full…

It is very uncertain whether selective changes women with moderate or severe pain (measured by visual analogue scale) compared with routine episiotomy: all vaginal births where operative vaginal… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Selective versus routine use of episiotomy for vaginal birth 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.71 [0.48, 1.05]
1 study · 165 participants
Very low