Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

2,539 questions · 2,602 findings · 424 reviews · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 572 · 22%GRADE not reported 189 · 7.3%Very low 527 · 20.3%Low 685 · 26.3%Moderate 514 · 19.8%High 115 · 4.4%

Long‐acting beta2‐agonist plus tiotropium vs long‐acting beta2‐agonist alone

Hospital admission (exacerbation) · addition to tiotropium versus either tiotropium or LABA alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Long‐acting beta2‐agonist plus tiotropium showed no clear difference in hospital admission (exacerbation) compared with long‐acting beta2‐agonist alone (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Long‐acting beta2‐agonist plus tiotropium vs long‐acting beta2‐agonist alone

Mortality (all cause) · addition to tiotropium versus either tiotropium or LABA alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Long‐acting beta2‐agonist plus tiotropium showed no clear difference in mortality (all cause) compared with long‐acting beta2‐agonist alone (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Long‐acting beta2‐agonist plus tiotropium vs long‐acting beta2‐agonist alone

Quality of life SGRQ responder analysis at 6 months · addition to tiotropium versus either tiotropium or LABA alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Long‐acting beta2‐agonist plus tiotropium probably leads to higher quality of life SGRQ responder analysis at 6 months compared with long‐acting beta2‐agonist alone (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Long‐acting beta2‐agonist plus tiotropium vs long‐acting beta2‐agonist alone

Hospital admissions · addition to tiotropium versus either tiotropium or LABA alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Long‐acting beta2‐agonist plus tiotropium showed no clear difference in hospital admission (all cause) compared with long‐acting beta2‐agonist alone (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

LAMA add‐on vs long‐acting beta2‐agonists (LABA) add‐on

Exacerbations (OCS) · adults with asthma not well controlled on ICS

Long‐acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) add‐on showed no clear difference in exacerbations (OCS) compared with long‐acting beta2‐agonists (LABA) add‐on (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

LAMA add‐on vs long‐acting beta2‐agonists (LABA) add‐on

Serious adverse events 22 weeks · adults with asthma not well controlled on ICS

Long‐acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) add‐on showed no clear difference in serious adverse events 22 weeks compared with long‐acting beta2‐agonists (LABA) add‐on (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

LAMA add‐on vs long‐acting beta2‐agonists (LABA) add‐on

Hospital admission (exacerbation) · adults with asthma not well controlled on ICS

It is very uncertain whether long‐acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) add‐on changes exacerbations (hospital) compared with long‐acting beta2‐agonists (LABA) add‐on (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

LAMA add‐on vs long‐acting beta2‐agonists (LABA) add‐on

Adverse events (all) · adults with asthma not well controlled on ICS

Long‐acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) add‐on showed no clear difference in adverse events (all) compared with long‐acting beta2‐agonists (LABA) add‐on (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review