Health‐related quality of life
All‐cause mortality
HbA1c (%)
HbA1c (%)
All‐cause mortality
0.14 [0, 6.98]
8 studies · 2175 participants
Moderate
Peto OR 1.06 [0.62, 1.82]
14 studies · 6173 participants
Low
All‐cause mortality
Short‐acting insulin analogues showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality (N) compared with regular human insulin (moderate certainty).
Severe hypoglycaemia
HbA1c (%)
Health‐related quality of life
Death (all causes) · people with diabetes and CKD
Ovulation rate · women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Metformin combined with clomiphene citrate probably leads to higher ovulation rate per woman compared with clomiphene citrate alone (moderate certainty).
Miscarriage · women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Metformin combined with clomiphene citrate may leads to higher miscarriage rate per woman compared with clomiphene citrate alone (low certainty).
Live birth rate per woman aParticipants with BMI < 30 kg/m2 or ≤ 32 kg/m2 · women with polycystic ovary syndrome
It is very uncertain whether metformin changes live birth rate per woman Participants with BMI < 30 kg/m2 or ≤ 32… compared with clomiphene citrate (very low certainty).
Live birth rate per woman aParticipants with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 · women with polycystic ovary syndrome
It is very uncertain whether metformin changes live birth rate per woman Participants with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2a compared with clomiphene citrate (very low certainty).
Gastrointestinal adverse events · women with polycystic ovary syndrome
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Clinical pregnancy rate per woman Participants with BMI < 30 kg/m2 or ≤ 32 kg/m2a · women with polycystic ovary syndrome
It is very uncertain whether metformin changes clinical pregnancy rate per woman Participants with BMI < 30 kg/m2… compared with clomiphene citrate (very low certainty).
Clinical pregnancy rate per woman aParticipants with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 · women with polycystic ovary syndrome
It is very uncertain whether metformin changes clinical pregnancy rate per woman Participants with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2a compared with clomiphene citrate (very low certainty).
Ovulation rate per woman fParticipants with BMI < 30 kg/m2 · women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Metformin showed no clear difference in ovulation rate per woman Participants with BMI < 30 kg/m2b compared with clomiphene citrate (low certainty).
Ovulation rate per woman fParticipants with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 · women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Metformin may leads to lower ovulation rate per woman Participants with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2b compared with clomiphene citrate (low certainty).
Live birth rate per woman · women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Metformin combined with clomiphene citrate showed no clear difference in live birth rate per woman compared with clomiphene citrate alone (low certainty).