Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

24 questions · 24 findings · 4 reviews · Airways

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No studies found 4 · 16.7%GRADE not reported 2 · 8.3%Very low 0 · 0%Low 4 · 16.7%Moderate 8 · 33.3%High 6 · 25%

IV + inhaled beta agonist vs inhaled beta‐agonist

Clinical Failure (children with a severe to moderate overall clinical assessment score at two hours) · patients with acute asthma

IV + inhaled beta agonist probably leads to lower clinical Failure (children with a severe to moderate overall… compared with inhaled beta‐agonist (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Addition of intravenous beta₂‐agonists to inhaled beta₂‐agonists for acute asthma 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.09 [0.02, 0.38]
1 study · 29 participants
Moderate

Triple therapy vs LABA/LAMA combination

Moderate‐to‐severe exacerbations (rate) · stable COPD

Triple therapy may leads to lower moderate‐to‐severe exacerbations (rate) compared with LABA/LAMA combination (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled corticosteroids with combination inhaled long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists for… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.74 [0.67, 0.81]
4 studies · 15397 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Moderate to severe exacerbations ‐ HD‐ICS/LABA vs MD‐ICS/LABA№ of participants: 5452(6 RCTs)

The intervention showed no clear difference in moderate to severe exacerbations ‐ HD‐ICS/LABA vs MD‐ICS/LABA№ of… (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and varying… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.93 [0.82, 1.05]
6 studies · 5452 participants
High

Intervention not reported

Moderate to severe exacerbations ‐ MD TRIPLE vs MD‐ICS/LABA№ of participants: 3184(3 RCTs)

The intervention probably leads to lower moderate to severe exacerbations ‐ MD TRIPLE vs MD‐ICS/LABA№ of… (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and varying… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.86 [0.75, 0.99]
3 studies · 3184 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Moderate to severe exacerbations ‐ HD TRIPLE vs MD‐ICS/LABA№ of participants: 2037(2 RCTs)

The intervention leads to lower moderate to severe exacerbations ‐ HD TRIPLE vs MD‐ICS/LABA№ of… (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and varying… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.78 [0.66, 0.92]
2 studies · 2037 participants
High

Intervention not reported

Moderate to severe exacerbations ‐ MD TRIPLE vs HD‐ICS/LABA№ of participants: 2651(2 RCTs)

The intervention showed no clear difference in moderate to severe exacerbations ‐ MD TRIPLE vs HD‐ICS/LABA№ of… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and varying… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.05 [0.78, 1.41]
2 studies · 2651 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Moderate to severe exacerbations ‐ HD TRIPLE vs HD‐ICS/LABA№ of participants: 4989(4 RCTs)

The intervention leads to lower moderate to severe exacerbations ‐ HD TRIPLE vs HD‐ICS/LABA№ of… (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and varying… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.83 [0.75, 0.92]
4 studies · 4989 participants
High

Intervention not reported

Moderate to severe exacerbations ‐ HD TRIPLE vs MD TRIPLE№ of participants: 3470(3 RCTs)

The intervention showed no clear difference in moderate to severe exacerbations ‐ HD TRIPLE vs MD TRIPLE№ of… (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and varying… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.85 [0.72, 1.01]
3 studies · 3470 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Moderate to severe exacerbations ‐ TRIPLE vs DUAL№ of participants: 8173(5 RCTs)

The intervention leads to lower moderate to severe exacerbations ‐ TRIPLE vs DUAL№ of participants:… (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and varying… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.85 [0.78, 0.92]
5 studies · 8173 participants
High

Intervention not reported

LD‐ICS/LABA (Direct evidence; 0 RCTs; 0 participants) · adolescents and adults with uncontrolled asthma, despite being on medium‐dose ICS Interventions: HD‐ICS, LD‐ICS/LABA, MD‐ICS/LAMA,…

1 finding from 1 review

Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

MD‐ICS/LAMA (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 679 participants) · adolescents and adults with uncontrolled asthma, despite being on medium‐dose ICS Interventions: HD‐ICS, LD‐ICS/LABA, MD‐ICS/LAMA,…

1 finding from 1 review

Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 679 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

MD‐ICS/LABA (Direct evidence; 12 RCTs; 7569 participants) · adolescents and adults with uncontrolled asthma, despite being on medium‐dose ICS Interventions: HD‐ICS, LD‐ICS/LABA, MD‐ICS/LAMA,…

1 finding from 1 review

Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
12 studies · 7569 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

HD‐ICS/LABA (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 1759 participants) · adolescents and adults with uncontrolled asthma, despite being on medium‐dose ICS Interventions: HD‐ICS, LD‐ICS/LABA, MD‐ICS/LAMA,…

1 finding from 1 review

Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 1759 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

MD‐ICS · adolescents and adults with uncontrolled asthma, despite being on medium‐dose ICS Interventions: HD‐ICS, LD‐ICS/LABA, MD‐ICS/LAMA,…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

Total studies: 25 RCTs Total participants: 25,583 · adolescents and adults with uncontrolled asthma, despite being on medium‐dose ICS Interventions: HD‐ICS, LD‐ICS/LABA, MD‐ICS/LAMA,…

1 finding from 1 review

Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
25 studies · 25583 participants
GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

HD‐ICS (Direct evidence; 4 RCTs; 1685 participants) · adolescents and adults with uncontrolled asthma, despite being on medium‐dose ICS Interventions: HD‐ICS, LD‐ICS/LABA, MD‐ICS/LAMA,…

1 finding from 1 review

Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 1685 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Total studies: 10 RCTs Total Participants: 12407 · Adolescents and adults with symptomatic asthma Interventions: HD‐ICS/LABA, MD‐TRIPLE, HD‐TRIPLE Comparator (reference): Medium‐Dose…

1 finding from 1 review

Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and varying… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
10 studies · 12407 participants
GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

HD‐ICS/LABA (Direct evidence; 6 RCTs; 5452 participants) · Adolescents and adults with symptomatic asthma Interventions: HD‐ICS/LABA, MD‐TRIPLE, HD‐TRIPLE Comparator (reference): Medium‐Dose…

1 finding from 1 review

Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and varying… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 5452 participants
High

Intervention not reported

MD‐TRIPLE (Direct evidence; 3 RCTs; 3184 participants) · Adolescents and adults with symptomatic asthma Interventions: HD‐ICS/LABA, MD‐TRIPLE, HD‐TRIPLE Comparator (reference): Medium‐Dose…

1 finding from 1 review

Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and varying… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 3184 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

HD‐TRIPLE (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 2037 participants) · Adolescents and adults with symptomatic asthma Interventions: HD‐ICS/LABA, MD‐TRIPLE, HD‐TRIPLE Comparator (reference): Medium‐Dose…

1 finding from 1 review

Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and varying… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 2037 participants
High