Immersion in water showed no clear difference in mode of birth (spontaneous vaginal birth) compared with no immersion during first stage of labour (moderate certainty).
Immersion in water showed no clear difference in mode of birth (spontaneous vaginal birth) compared with no immersion during second stage of labour (low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether immersion in water changes mode of birth (instrumental vaginal birth) compared with no immersion during second stage of labour (very low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether immersion in water changes mode of birth (caesarean section) compared with no immersion during second stage of labour (very low certainty).
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
It is very uncertain whether immersion in water changes perinatal death compared with no immersion during second stage of labour (very low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether immersion in water changes admission to neonatal intensive care unit compared with no immersion during second stage of labour (very low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether immersion in water changes neonatal infection, including markers of infection such as pyrexia… compared with no immersion during second stage of labour (very low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether immersion in water changes neonatal infection, including markers of infection such as pyrexia… compared with no immersion during second stage of labour (very low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether immersion in water changes neonatal infection, including markers of infection such as pyrexia… compared with no immersion during second stage of labour (very low certainty).
Immersion in water showed no clear difference in mode of birth (instrumental vaginal birth) compared with no immersion during first stage of labour (low certainty).
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
Immersion in water showed no clear difference in mode of birth (caesarean section) compared with no immersion during first stage of labour (low certainty).
Immersion in water probably leads to lower use of analgesia (regional) compared with no immersion during first stage of labour (moderate certainty).
Immersion in water showed no clear difference in perineal trauma (third‐ or fourth‐degree tears) compared with no immersion during first stage of labour (moderate certainty).
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
Immersion in water showed no clear difference in admission to neonatal intensive care unit compared with no immersion during first stage of labour (low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether immersion in water changes neonatal infection compared with no immersion during first stage of labour (very low certainty).