IV + inhaled beta agonist showed no clear difference in admissions to hospital compared with inhaled beta‐agonist (low certainty).
IV + inhaled beta agonist showed no clear difference in length of stay in emergency department compared with inhaled beta‐agonist (moderate certainty).
IV + inhaled beta agonist showed no clear difference in pulse rate at 2 hours compared with inhaled beta‐agonist (moderate certainty).
IV + inhaled beta agonist probably leads to lower clinical Failure (children with a severe to moderate overall… compared with inhaled beta‐agonist (moderate certainty).
Anticholinergic and short‐acting beta2‐agonists leads to lower primary outcome: hospital admissions hospital admissions compared with beta2‐agonists alone (all protocols) (high certainty).
Combination of anticholinergics + beta2‐agonists showed no clear difference in asthma clinical scores compared with beta2‐agonists alone (moderate certainty).
Combination of anticholinergics + beta2‐agonists showed no clear difference in overall withdrawals compared with beta2‐agonists alone (moderate certainty).
Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting… showed no clear difference in exacerbations (number of people experiencing ≥ 1 exacerbations) compared with LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) (moderate certainty).
Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting… showed no clear difference in serious adverse events (number of people experiencing ≥ 1 SAEs) compared with LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) (high certainty).
Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting… showed no clear difference in quality of life as measured by SGRQ total score change from baseline… compared with LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) (moderate certainty).
Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting… probably leads to higher trough FEV1 change from baseline compared with LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) (moderate certainty).
Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting… leads to lower pneumonia compared with LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) (high certainty).
Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting… probably leads to higher all‐cause death compared with LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) (moderate certainty).
Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting… showed no clear difference in SGRQ total score change from baseline (≥ 4 points, MCID) compared with LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) (moderate certainty).
Long‐acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) add‐on showed no clear difference in exacerbations (OCS) compared with long‐acting beta2‐agonists (LABA) add‐on (low certainty).