Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

20 questions · 20 findings · 3 reviews · Neonatal · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 2 · 10%GRADE not reported 0 · 0%Very low 0 · 0%Low 11 · 55%Moderate 6 · 30%High 1 · 5%

Intervention not reported

NIPS during 1‐2 minutes after IM injection Range of scale 0‐7 A lower score = less pain Lawrence 1993 · neonates with pain associated with intramuscular injection

1 finding from 1 review

Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 60 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

PIPP during IM injection (term infants) ‐ Infants of non‐diabetic and diabetic mothers Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · neonates with pain associated with intramuscular injection

1 finding from 1 review

Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 232 participants
High

Intervention not reported

Duration of cry (seconds) following IM injection · procedural pain in neonates

1 finding from 1 review

Skin‐to‐skin care for procedural pain in neonates 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 100 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

PIPP score during post‐injection period Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · neonates with pain associated with venipuncture

1 finding from 1 review

Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 76 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

DAN score during the post‐injection period Range of scale 0‐10 A lower score = less pain (Carbajal 1997) · neonates with pain associated with venipuncture

1 finding from 1 review

Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 76 participants
Moderate

Summary of findings ‐ Breastfeeding vs control

Heart rate · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
8 studies · 784 participants
Low

Summary of findings ‐ Supplemental breast milk vs control

Percentage of time crying · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 60 participants
Low

Summary of findings ‐ Supplemental breast milk vs control

Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 291 participants
Low

Summary of findings ‐ Supplemental breast milk vs control

Neonatal Facial Coding Score (NFCS) at 3 minutes (Supplemental breast milk versus control) · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 40 participants
Low

Summary of findings ‐ Supplemental breast milk vs control

Douleur Aigue du Nouveau‐né (DAN) scale · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 224 participants
Low

Summary of findings ‐ Supplemental breast milk vs control

Any adverse outcome · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Summary of findings ‐ Breastfeeding vs control

Duration of crying (seconds) · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
16 studies · 1866 participants
Moderate

Summary of findings ‐ Breastfeeding vs control

Percentage of time crying · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 359 participants
Low

Summary of findings ‐ Breastfeeding vs control

Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
12 studies · 1432 participants
Moderate

Summary of findings ‐ Breastfeeding vs control

Neonatal Facial Coding Score (NFCS) (Breastfeeding versus control) · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 235 participants
Low

Summary of findings ‐ Breastfeeding vs control

Douleur Aigue du Nouveau‐né (DAN) scale · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 709 participants
Low

Summary of findings ‐ Breastfeeding vs control

Any adverse outcome · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Summary of findings ‐ Supplemental breast milk vs control

Heart rate · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 336 participants
Low

Summary of findings ‐ Supplemental breast milk vs control

Duration of crying (seconds) · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
11 studies · 1283 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

NIPS during 1‐2 minutes after immunization Range of scale 0‐7 A lower score = less pain Lawrence 1993 · neonates with pain associated with intramuscular injection

1 finding from 1 review

Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 60 participants
Low