What do systematic reviews say?

Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors vs placebo

• Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  29 studies · 20815 participants
  Moderate

Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors vs placebo

• Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  17 studies · 22108 participants
  High

Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors vs placebo

• Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 4245 participants
  Low

Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors vs placebo

• Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  12 studies · 7645 participants
  Moderate

Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors vs placebo

Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors leads to lower number of participants with 1 or more exacerbations compared with placebo (high certainty).

• Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.78 [0.73, 0.84]
  27 studies · 20382 participants
  High

Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors vs placebo

Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors may leads to higher number of participants experiencing an adverse event compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.3 [1.22, 1.38]
  30 studies · 21310 participants
  Low

Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors vs placebo

Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors leads to higher gastrointestinal adverse effects: diarrhoea compared with placebo (high certainty).

• Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 3.1 [2.74, 3.5]
  29 studies · 20623 participants
  High

Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors vs placebo

Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors probably leads to higher psychiatric adverse effects (roflumilast 500 µg) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 2.13 [1.79, 2.54]
  14 studies · 11168 participants
  Moderate

Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors vs placebo

Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors showed no clear difference in mortality compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.98 [0.77, 1.24]
  27 studies · 19786 participants
  Moderate

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) vs phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors

• Non‐invasive positive airway pressure therapy for improving erectile dysfunction in men with obstructive sleep apnoea 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 152 participants
  Low

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) vs phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors

• Non‐invasive positive airway pressure therapy for improving erectile dysfunction in men with obstructive sleep apnoea 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 40 participants
  Very low

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) vs phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors

• Non‐invasive positive airway pressure therapy for improving erectile dysfunction in men with obstructive sleep apnoea 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 122 participants
  Very low

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) vs phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Non‐invasive positive airway pressure therapy for improving erectile dysfunction in men with obstructive sleep apnoea 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) vs phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors

It is very uncertain whether continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) changes minor adverse events compared with phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (very low certainty).

• Non‐invasive positive airway pressure therapy for improving erectile dysfunction in men with obstructive sleep apnoea 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.33 [0.34, 5.21]
  1 study · 40 participants
  Very low

Group 1 Pulmonary arterial hypertension ‐ PDE5i vs placebo

Group 1 Pulmonary arterial hypertension ‐ PDE5i leads to higher improvement in WHO functional class compared with placebo (high certainty).

• Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 8.59 [3.95, 18.72]
  4 studies · 282 participants
  High

Group 1 Pulmonary arterial hypertension ‐ PDE5i vs placebo, on combination therapy

• Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 509 participants
  Moderate

Group 1 Pulmonary arterial hypertension ‐ PDE5i vs placebo, on combination therapy

Group 1 Pulmonary arterial hypertension ‐ PDE5i showed no clear difference in mortality compared with placebo, on combination therapy (moderate certainty).

• Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.26 [0.07, 1.06]
  3 studies · 492 participants
  Moderate

Group 1 Pulmonary arterial hypertension ‐ PDE5i vs placebo, on combination therapy

• Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 267 participants
  Moderate

Group 1 Pulmonary arterial hypertension ‐ PDE5i vs placebo, on combination therapy

• Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 387 participants
  High

Group 1 Pulmonary arterial hypertension ‐ PDE5i vs placebo, on combination therapy

• Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 310 participants
  High