Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

92 questions · 94 findings · 5 reviews · Schizophrenia · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 13 · 13.8%GRADE not reported 26 · 27.7%Very low 29 · 30.9%Low 20 · 21.3%Moderate 2 · 2.1%High 4 · 4.3%

Benzodiazepines vs placebo

Tardive dyskinesia: No clinically important improvement · patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia

It is very uncertain whether benzodiazepines changes tardive dyskinesia: no clinically important improvement compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Benzodiazepines vs placebo

Tardive dyskinesia: Deterioration of symptoms · patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia

It is very uncertain whether benzodiazepines changes tardive dyskinesia: deterioration in symptoms compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Benzodiazepines vs placebo

Acceptability · patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia

It is very uncertain whether benzodiazepines changes acceptability of the treatment (measured by participants leaving the… compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Benzodiazepines vs phenobarbital (as active placebo)

Tardive dyskinesia: No clinically important improvement · patients with antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia

It is very uncertain whether benzodiazepines changes tardive dyskinesia: no clinically important improvement compared with phenobarbital (as active placebo) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Benzodiazepines vs placebo

Tranquillisation or asleep: sedation ‐ medium termNumber of participants sedated · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

It is very uncertain whether benzodiazepines changes tranquillisation or asleep: sedation ‐ medium termNumber of… compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Benzodiazepines vs antipsychotics

Adverse effects/events ‐ extrapyramidal symptoms ‐ medium term Number of instances of extrapyramidal symptoms · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

Benzodiazepines may leads to lower adverse effects/events: extrapyramidal symptoms ‐ vs haloperidol ‐… compared with antipsychotics (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Benzodiazepines vs ANTIHISTAMINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS

Tranquillisation or asleep: sedation ‐ medium term ‐ midazolam vs haloperidol + promethazineNumber of participants sedated · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

Benzodiazepines may leads to higher tranquillisation or asleep: sedation ‐ medium term ‐ midazolam vs… compared with antihistamines plus antipsychotics (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Benzodiazepines vs ANTIHISTAMINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS

Global state: no improvement ‐ medium termAs defined in each study · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

Benzodiazepines may leads to higher global state: no improvement ‐ medium termAs defined in each study compared with antihistamines plus antipsychotics (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review