Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

39 questions · 41 findings · 8 reviews · Oral Health · All outcomes

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No studies found 13 · 31.7%GRADE not reported 20 · 48.8%Very low 5 · 12.2%Low 2 · 4.9%Moderate 1 · 2.4%High 0 · 0%

Primary school-based behavioural intervention (both oral hygiene and dietary components) vs No treatment (or delayed treatment)

Behavioural outcomes (reported and/or other measures, e.g. data tracking toothbrushes and collecting food wrappers) · Children aged 4 to 12 years attending primary school

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Primary school‐based behavioural interventions for preventing caries 2013 · Cochrane All outcomes
No other behavioural outcomes (e.g. objective toothbrush tracking or food-wrapper collection) were measured by the four included studies.
0 studies
No studies found

Primary school-based behavioural intervention (both oral hygiene and dietary components) vs No treatment (or delayed treatment)

Plaque · Children aged 4 to 12 years attending primary school

Primary school-based behavioural intervention (both oral hygiene and… showed no clear difference in plaque indices (permanent and deciduous teeth) compared with no intervention or delayed intervention (non-intervention control;… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Primary school‐based behavioural interventions for preventing caries 2013 · Cochrane All outcomes
3 to 15 months
SoF (Plaque indices, follow-up 3 to 15 months): 'All 3 RCTs showed a reduction in plaque in the intervention group compared to control group'; 827 participants (3 RCTs); GRADE low; comment 'Data not suitable for…
3 studies · 827 participants
Low

Primary school-based behavioural intervention (both oral hygiene and dietary components) vs No treatment (or delayed treatment)

Caries increment on tooth surfaces (dmfs/DMFS) (prevented fraction) · Children aged 4 to 12 years attending primary school

1 finding from 1 review

Primary school‐based behavioural interventions for preventing caries 2013 · Cochrane All outcomes
15 months
PF 0.65 [0.12, 1.18]
1 study · 60 participants
Low

Primary school-based behavioural intervention (both oral hygiene and dietary components) vs No treatment (or delayed treatment)

Change in oral health knowledge and skills · Children aged 4 to 12 years attending primary school

1 finding from 1 review

Primary school‐based behavioural interventions for preventing caries 2013 · Cochrane All outcomes
Worthington 2001 reported changes in oral health knowledge and skills: improvement was apparent in both intervention and control groups at the 4-month follow-up (phase one) but greater in the intervention group (34%…
1 study
GRADE not reported

Primary school-based behavioural intervention (both oral hygiene and dietary components) vs No treatment (or delayed treatment)

Changes in dental attendance · Children aged 4 to 12 years attending primary school

1 finding from 1 review

Primary school‐based behavioural interventions for preventing caries 2013 · Cochrane All outcomes
Worthington 2001 found no change in reported dental visits over the course of the programmes, with 97% of children at baseline reporting visiting the dentist every 2 years.
1 study
GRADE not reported

Primary school-based behavioural intervention (both oral hygiene and dietary components) vs No treatment (or delayed treatment)

Adverse events · Children aged 4 to 12 years attending primary school

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Primary school‐based behavioural interventions for preventing caries 2013 · Cochrane All outcomes
No study reported any adverse events.
0 studies
No studies found

Primary school-based behavioural intervention (both oral hygiene and dietary components) vs No treatment (or delayed treatment)

Caries increment, tooth index D(M)FT · Children aged 4 to 12 years attending primary school

1 finding from 1 review

Primary school‐based behavioural interventions for preventing caries 2013 · Cochrane All outcomes
2 years
PF 0.49
1 study
GRADE not reported

Primary school-based behavioural intervention (both oral hygiene and dietary components) vs No treatment (or delayed treatment)

Frequency of cariogenic food and drink consumption · Children aged 4 to 12 years attending primary school

1 finding from 1 review

Primary school‐based behavioural interventions for preventing caries 2013 · Cochrane All outcomes
Worthington 2001: few children had problems identifying foods containing sugar; only 15% of intervention and 19% of control participants reported routinely consuming sugary snacks on arriving home from school; snacking…
1 study
GRADE not reported

Primary school-based behavioural intervention (both oral hygiene and dietary components) vs No treatment (or delayed treatment)

Frequency of toothbrushing · Children aged 4 to 12 years attending primary school

1 finding from 1 review

Primary school‐based behavioural interventions for preventing caries 2013 · Cochrane All outcomes
Worthington 2001 reported children's brushing frequency: almost all children (99%) at baseline reported twice daily brushing, and this level was maintained across all groups throughout the intervention (in baseline…
1 study
GRADE not reported

Oral hygiene interventions (mechanical plaque removal): knowledge-based, behavioural, or skills training for people with ID or their carers vs Usual care, no care, or a similar alternative intervention

Any unintended (positive or negative) effects of the interventions · People with intellectual disabilities (ID), living at home, in day care, in hospital or in a residential care setting; all levels of ID as…

1 finding from 1 review

Oral hygiene interventions for people with intellectual disabilities 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
Adverse/unintended effects addressed narratively: 10 of 34 studies investigated or reported negative unintended or adverse effects (e.g. difficulty with the electric or 3-headed toothbrushes, being frightened by the…
10 studies
GRADE not reported

Psychological / counselling interventions (counselling, acupuncture, cognitive behavioural therapy, relaxation therapy, behaviour modification, electromyographic biofeedback, hypnosis, re-education) vs Another intervention, or no intervention

Outcome not reported · Patients of any age in any setting requiring intervention for iatrogenic injury to the inferior alveolar or lingual nerve

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for iatrogenic inferior alveolar and lingual nerve injury 2014 · Cochrane All outcomes
Results: 'No studies evaluated ... psychological interventions.' No eligible RCT of psychological / counselling interventions (CBT, relaxation, behaviour modification, biofeedback, hypnosis, re-education, acupuncture).
0 studies
No studies found

Oral hygiene interventions (mechanical plaque removal): knowledge-based, behavioural, or skills training for people with ID or their carers vs Usual care, no care, or a similar alternative intervention

Dental caries levels of people with ID · People with intellectual disabilities (ID), living at home, in day care, in hospital or in a residential care setting; all levels of ID as…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Oral hygiene interventions for people with intellectual disabilities 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
No studies measured dental caries levels. One RCT (Shaw 1991, Comparison 5) assessed DMFT at baseline only and did not report caries at any later time point.
0 studies
No studies found

Oral hygiene interventions (mechanical plaque removal): knowledge-based, behavioural, or skills training for people with ID or their carers vs Usual care, no care, or a similar alternative intervention

Quality of life changes or long-term, patient-centred outcomes (e.g. tooth retention) · People with intellectual disabilities (ID), living at home, in day care, in hospital or in a residential care setting; all levels of ID as…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Oral hygiene interventions for people with intellectual disabilities 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
No studies measured quality of life changes or long-term, patient-centred outcomes as formal outcomes; some studies commented on quality of life only in the discussion or conclusion sections.
0 studies
No studies found

Psychosocial interventions (cognitive behavioural therapy, biofeedback, combination CBT/biofeedback, physical self-regulation/posture self-control) vs usual care

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · Adults over 18 years of age with chronic orofacial pain (temporomandibular disorder (TMD))

Psychosocial interventions (cognitive behavioural therapy,… led to lower pain intensity (long term) compared with usual care (conservative treatment: education, counselling,…; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Psychosocial interventions for the management of chronic orofacial pain 2011 · Cochrane All outcomes
Long term (more than 3 months)
SMD -0.34 [-0.50, -0.18]
7 studies · 658 participants
GRADE not reported

Psychosocial interventions (cognitive behavioural therapy, biofeedback, combination CBT/biofeedback, physical self-regulation/posture self-control) vs usual care

Muscle palpation pain (long term) · Adults over 18 years of age with chronic orofacial pain (temporomandibular disorder (TMD))

Psychosocial interventions (cognitive behavioural therapy,… showed no clear difference in muscle palpation pain (long term) compared with usual care (conservative treatment: education, counselling,…; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Psychosocial interventions for the management of chronic orofacial pain 2011 · Cochrane All outcomes
Long term (more than 3 months)
Muscle palpation pain long term (greater than 3 months): 3 studies; results not pooled owing to substantial heterogeneity (I2=64%); insufficient evidence to draw conclusions for any individual intervention. One study…
3 studies
GRADE not reported

Psychosocial interventions (cognitive behavioural therapy, biofeedback, combination CBT/biofeedback, physical self-regulation/posture self-control) vs usual care

Depression (long term) · Adults over 18 years of age with chronic orofacial pain (temporomandibular disorder (TMD))

Psychosocial interventions (cognitive behavioural therapy,… led to lower depression (long term) compared with usual care (conservative treatment: education, counselling,…; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Psychosocial interventions for the management of chronic orofacial pain 2011 · Cochrane All outcomes
Long term (more than 3 months)
SMD -0.35 [-0.54, -0.16]
6 studies · 455 participants
GRADE not reported

Psychosocial interventions (cognitive behavioural therapy, biofeedback, combination CBT/biofeedback, physical self-regulation/posture self-control) vs usual care

Reduction in pain intensity · Adults over 18 years of age with chronic orofacial pain (temporomandibular disorder (TMD))

Psychosocial interventions (cognitive behavioural therapy,… led to higher pain intensity (short term) compared with usual care (conservative treatment: education, counselling,…; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Psychosocial interventions for the management of chronic orofacial pain 2011 · Cochrane All outcomes
Short term (3 months or less) · Combination CBT/biofeedback
SMD 0.46 [0.02, 0.90]
2 studies · 90 participants
GRADE not reported

Psychosocial interventions (cognitive behavioural therapy, biofeedback, combination CBT/biofeedback, physical self-regulation/posture self-control) vs usual care

Pain severity - impact: activity interference / disability (long term) · Adults over 18 years of age with chronic orofacial pain (temporomandibular disorder (TMD))

Psychosocial interventions (cognitive behavioural therapy,… led to lower pain severity - impact: activity interference / disability (long term) compared with usual care (conservative treatment: education, counselling,…; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Psychosocial interventions for the management of chronic orofacial pain 2011 · Cochrane All outcomes
Long term (more than 3 months) · CBT alone
SMD -0.27 [-0.51, -0.03]
4 studies · 285 participants
GRADE not reported

CBT vs control (e.g. usual activities)

Daily mean opiate intake per hour · People with cancer receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy (or both) who have oral mucositis

Cognitive behavioural therapy showed no clear difference in daily mean opiate intake per hour compared with control (treatment as usual); GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for treating oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving treatment 2010 · Cochrane All outcomes
MD -0.20 [-4.29, 3.89]
1 study · 21 participants
GRADE not reported

CBT vs control (e.g. usual activities)

Average pain scores (0-100 VAS) · People with cancer receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy (or both) who have oral mucositis

Cognitive behavioural therapy showed no clear difference in average pain scores (0-100 VAS) compared with control (treatment as usual); GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for treating oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving treatment 2010 · Cochrane All outcomes
MD -7.29 [-17.40, 2.83]
2 studies · 68 participants
GRADE not reported