Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

4,760 questions · 8,065 findings · 1,036 reviews

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No studies found 1,686 · 20.9%GRADE not reported 675 · 8.4%Very low 1,953 · 24.2%Low 2,048 · 25.4%Moderate 1,296 · 16.1%High 407 · 5%

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Calf stretching vs placebo stretching

Activities of daily living · older adults with lower limb muscle cramps

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐drug therapies for the secondary prevention of lower limb muscle cramps 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Calf and hamstring stretching vs no intervention

Adverse events · older adults with lower limb muscle cramps

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐drug therapies for the secondary prevention of lower limb muscle cramps 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 80 participants
Moderate

Calf and hamstring stretching vs no intervention

Change in cramp severity (0 to 10 VAS; higher = worse pain) (after 6 weeks) · older adults with lower limb muscle cramps

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐drug therapies for the secondary prevention of lower limb muscle cramps 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 80 participants
Low

Calf and hamstring stretching vs no intervention

Proportion of participants experiencing cramps · older adults with lower limb muscle cramps

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐drug therapies for the secondary prevention of lower limb muscle cramps 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Calf and hamstring stretching vs no intervention

Health‐related quality of life · older adults with lower limb muscle cramps

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐drug therapies for the secondary prevention of lower limb muscle cramps 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Calf and hamstring stretching vs no intervention

Quality of sleep · older adults with lower limb muscle cramps

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐drug therapies for the secondary prevention of lower limb muscle cramps 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Calf and hamstring stretching vs no intervention

Activities of daily living · older adults with lower limb muscle cramps

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐drug therapies for the secondary prevention of lower limb muscle cramps 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Calf stretching vs placebo stretching

Cramp frequency (number of cramps in preceding week) (after 6 weeks) · older adults with lower limb muscle cramps

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐drug therapies for the secondary prevention of lower limb muscle cramps 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 94 participants
Low

Calf stretching vs placebo stretching

Adverse events · older adults with lower limb muscle cramps

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐drug therapies for the secondary prevention of lower limb muscle cramps 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 94 participants
Very low

High levels of PEEP vs low levels of PEEP

Mortality before hospital discharge · patients with ALI and ARDS

High levels of PEEP showed no clear difference in mortality before hospital discharge compared with low levels of PEEP (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

High versus low positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) levels for mechanically ventilated adult patients with acute… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.97 [0.9, 1.04]
7 studies · 3640 participants
Moderate

High levels of PEEP vs low levels of PEEP

Oxygen efficiency (PaO2/FiO2) day 1 postoperative · patients with ALI and ARDS

1 finding from 1 review

High versus low positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) levels for mechanically ventilated adult patients with acute… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 2594 participants
Low

High levels of PEEP vs low levels of PEEP

Oxygen efficiency (PaO2/FiO2) day 3 postoperative · patients with ALI and ARDS

1 finding from 1 review

High versus low positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) levels for mechanically ventilated adult patients with acute… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 2309 participants
Low

High levels of PEEP vs low levels of PEEP

Oxygen efficiency (PaO2/FIO2). Day 7 · patients with ALI and ARDS

1 finding from 1 review

High versus low positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) levels for mechanically ventilated adult patients with acute… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 1611 participants
Moderate

High levels of PEEP vs low levels of PEEP

Barotrauma · patients with ALI and ARDS

High levels of PEEP showed no clear difference in barotrauma compared with low levels of PEEP (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

High versus low positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) levels for mechanically ventilated adult patients with acute… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1 [0.64, 1.57]
9 studies · 3791 participants
Low

High levels of PEEP vs low levels of PEEP

Ventilator‐free days up to day 28 · patients with ALI and ARDS

1 finding from 1 review

High versus low positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) levels for mechanically ventilated adult patients with acute… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 1654 participants
Low

Combination therapy vs placebo

Urologic symptom scores · men with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction

1 finding from 1 review

Anticholinergics combined with alpha‐blockers for treating lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign prostatic… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 1792 participants
Low

Combination therapy vs alpha‐blocker

Surgical intervention · men with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction

It is very uncertain whether combination therapy changes surgical intervention compared with alpha‐blockers (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Anticholinergics combined with alpha‐blockers for treating lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign prostatic… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.72 [0.34, 8.63]
4 studies · 454 participants
Very low

Combination therapy vs anticholinergics

Urologic symptom scores · men with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction

1 finding from 1 review

Anticholinergics combined with alpha‐blockers for treating lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign prostatic… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 710 participants
Very low

Combination therapy vs anticholinergics

QoL · men with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction

1 finding from 1 review

Anticholinergics combined with alpha‐blockers for treating lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign prostatic… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 56 participants
Low

Combination therapy vs anticholinergics

Adverse events · men with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction

Combination therapy showed no clear difference in adverse events compared with anticholinergics (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Anticholinergics combined with alpha‐blockers for treating lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign prostatic… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.26 [0.81, 1.95]
1 study · 661 participants
Moderate