What do systematic reviews say?

Pegylated (PEG) interferon alpha‐2a vs standard interferon

Pegylated interferon alpha‐2a showed no clear difference in relapse(recurrence after stopping) compared with standard interferon (low certainty).

• Interventions for dialysis patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.72 [0.41, 1.25]
  1 study · 38 participants
  Low

Pegylated (PEG) interferon alpha‐2a vs standard interferon

Pegylated interferon alpha‐2a may leads to higher end‐of‐treatment response compared with standard interferon (low certainty).

• Interventions for dialysis patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.53 [1.09, 2.15]
  1 study · 50 participants
  Low

Organisational interventions vs usual care

Summary of findings table ‐ Organisational intervention probably leads to lower residents with at least one physical restraint compared with usual care (moderate certainty).

• Interventions for preventing and reducing the use of physical restraints for older people in all long‐term care settings 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.86 [0.76, 0.94]
  4 studies · 3849 participants
  Moderate

Summary of findings table ‐ Simple educational intervention vs usual care

• Interventions for preventing and reducing the use of physical restraints for older people in all long‐term care settings 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 241 participants
  Moderate

Summary of findings table ‐ Simple educational intervention vs usual care

• Interventions for preventing and reducing the use of physical restraints for older people in all long‐term care settings 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 813 participants
  Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Simple educational intervention vs usual care

• Interventions for preventing and reducing the use of physical restraints for older people in all long‐term care settings 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 463 participants
  Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Simple educational intervention vs usual care

• Interventions for preventing and reducing the use of physical restraints for older people in all long‐term care settings 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 1202 participants
  Very low

Organisational interventions vs usual care

Summary of findings table ‐ Organisational intervention probably leads to lower residents with at least one belt compared with usual care (moderate certainty).

• Interventions for preventing and reducing the use of physical restraints for older people in all long‐term care settings 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.54 [0.4, 0.73]
  3 studies · 12711 participants
  Moderate

Organisational interventions vs usual care

• Interventions for preventing and reducing the use of physical restraints for older people in all long‐term care settings 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 8841 participants
  Moderate

Organisational interventions vs usual care

• Interventions for preventing and reducing the use of physical restraints for older people in all long‐term care settings 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 228 participants
  Moderate

Organisational interventions vs usual care

Summary of findings table ‐ Organisational intervention showed no clear difference in residents with at least one fall compared with usual care (low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing and reducing the use of physical restraints for older people in all long‐term care settings 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.02 [0.86, 1.2]
  4 studies · 17954 participants
  Low

Organisational interventions vs usual care

Summary of findings table ‐ Organisational intervention showed no clear difference in residents with at least one fall‐related fracture compared with usual care (low certainty).

• Interventions for preventing and reducing the use of physical restraints for older people in all long‐term care settings 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.05 [0.76, 1.45]
  4 studies · 17954 participants
  Low

Organisational interventions vs usual care

Summary of findings table ‐ Organisational intervention showed no clear difference in residents with at least one psychotropic medication compared with usual care (moderate certainty).

• Interventions for preventing and reducing the use of physical restraints for older people in all long‐term care settings 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1 [0.95, 1.06]
  2 studies · 3452 participants
  Moderate

Summary of findings table ‐ Simple educational intervention vs usual care

• Interventions for preventing and reducing the use of physical restraints for older people in all long‐term care settings 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 1483 participants
  Very low

Summary of findings table ‐ Simple educational intervention vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for preventing and reducing the use of physical restraints for older people in all long‐term care settings 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Surgical vs non‐surgical treatment

It is very uncertain whether surgical changes number of participants sustaining recurrent patellar dislocationa compared with non‐surgical treatment (very low certainty).

• Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions for treating patellar dislocation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.55 [0.4, 0.75]
  8 studies · 438 participants
  Very low

Surgical vs non‐surgical treatment

It is very uncertain whether surgical changes knee and physical functiona Measured using the Kujala patellofemoral… compared with non‐surgical treatment (very low certainty).

• Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions for treating patellar dislocation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  MD 5.73
  7 studies · 401 participants
  Very low

Surgical vs non‐surgical treatment

It is very uncertain whether surgical changes adverse effects of treatment Overall incidence of complications compared with non‐surgical treatment (very low certainty).

• Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions for treating patellar dislocation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.21 [0.73, 6.66]
  2 studies · 144 participants
  Very low

Surgical vs non‐surgical treatment

It is very uncertain whether surgical changes patient satisfactiona Reported as 'good' or 'excellent'. compared with non‐surgical treatment (very low certainty).

• Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions for treating patellar dislocation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.01 [0.74, 1.38]
  3 studies · 176 participants
  Very low

Surgical vs non‐surgical treatment

It is very uncertain whether surgical changes patient‐reported knee instabilitya Incidence of patellar subluxation compared with non‐surgical treatment (very low certainty).

• Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions for treating patellar dislocation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.75 [0.5, 1.12]
  5 studies · 256 participants
  Very low