What do systematic reviews say?

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in respiratory failure (low certainty).

• Incentive spirometry for prevention of postoperative pulmonary complications in upper abdominal surgery 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.67 [0.04, 10.5]
  2 studies · 194 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in clinical complications (low certainty).

• Incentive spirometry for prevention of postoperative pulmonary complications in upper abdominal surgery 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.59 [0.3, 1.18]
  4 studies · 152 participants
  Low

Non‐invasive ventilation during exercise training vs exercise training alone or exercise training with sham non‐invasive ventilation

• Non‐invasive ventilation during exercise training for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 60 participants
  Low

Non‐invasive ventilation during exercise training vs exercise training alone or exercise training with sham non‐invasive ventilation

• Non‐invasive ventilation during exercise training for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 48 participants
  Low

Non‐invasive ventilation during exercise training vs exercise training alone or exercise training with sham non‐invasive ventilation

• Non‐invasive ventilation during exercise training for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 48 participants
  Low

Non‐invasive ventilation during exercise training vs exercise training alone or exercise training with sham non‐invasive ventilation

• Non‐invasive ventilation during exercise training for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 48 participants
  Moderate

Non‐invasive ventilation during exercise training vs exercise training alone or exercise training with sham non‐invasive ventilation

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Non‐invasive ventilation during exercise training for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Non‐invasive ventilation during exercise training vs exercise training alone or exercise training with sham non‐invasive ventilation

• Non‐invasive ventilation during exercise training for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 67 participants
  Moderate

Non‐invasive ventilation during exercise training vs exercise training alone or exercise training with sham non‐invasive ventilation

• Non‐invasive ventilation during exercise training for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 37 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Inhaled steroids and risk of pneumonia for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in mortality, all‐cause (moderate certainty).

• Inhaled steroids and risk of pneumonia for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.9 [0.65, 1.24]
  12 studies · 10009 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes mortality, due to pneumonia (very low certainty).

• Inhaled steroids and risk of pneumonia for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 4.46 [0.07, 286.99]
  3 studies · 1511 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in non‐fatal, serious adverse events (all) (moderate certainty).

• Inhaled steroids and risk of pneumonia for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.01 [0.83, 1.22]
  12 studies · 10009 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in all pneumonia events (moderate certainty).

• Inhaled steroids and risk of pneumonia for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.12 [0.83, 1.51]
  6 studies · 7011 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The intervention leads to lower withdrawals (high certainty).

• Inhaled steroids and risk of pneumonia for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.78 [0.71, 0.85]
  15 studies · 10150 participants
  High

Intervention not reported

The intervention leads to higher non‐fatal, serious adverse pneumonia events (requiring hospital… (high certainty).

• Inhaled steroids and risk of pneumonia for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.78 [1.5, 2.12]
  17 studies · 19504 participants
  High

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in mortality, all‐cause (high certainty).

• Inhaled steroids and risk of pneumonia for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.99 [0.87, 1.13]
  22 studies · 20861 participants
  High

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in mortality, due to pneumonia (moderate certainty).

• Inhaled steroids and risk of pneumonia for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.23 [0.7, 2.15]
  18 studies · 19532 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in non‐fatal, serious adverse events (all) (high certainty).

• Inhaled steroids and risk of pneumonia for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.06 [0.99, 1.14]
  19 studies · 20381 participants
  High

Intervention not reported

The intervention probably leads to higher all pneumonia events (moderate certainty).

• Inhaled steroids and risk of pneumonia for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.68 [1.49, 1.9]
  11 studies · 15377 participants
  Moderate