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What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

4,678 questions · 4,859 findings · 283 reviews

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No studies found 1,225 · 25.2%GRADE not reported 215 · 4.4%Very low 1,241 · 25.5%Low 1,210 · 24.9%Moderate 776 · 16%High 192 · 4%

Summary of findings. Peer reviewer training vs standard journal practice or no training

Stakeholders' assessment of review quality (change score) Assessed using either:A) a 5‐point scale, change scores range from −4 to 4 (3 studies);B) a 5‐point scale, expressed by "slope of quality score change"(1 study); orC) the MQAI, from −144 to... · peer reviewers
1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ immunostimulant vs placebo

Participants with no exacerbations in study period · adults with chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Summary of findings table ‐ immunostimulant probably leads to higher number of participants with no exacerbations during the study period compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ immunostimulant vs placebo

Mortality (all‐cause) · adults with chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Summary of findings table ‐ immunostimulant showed no clear difference in mortality (all‐cause) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ immunostimulant vs placebo

Respiratory‐related mortality · adults with chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Summary of findings table ‐ immunostimulant showed no clear difference in mortality (respiratory‐related) compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ immunostimulant vs placebo

Number of participants requiring antibiotics · adults with chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Summary of findings table ‐ immunostimulant probably leads to lower number of participants requiring antibiotics compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ immunostimulant vs placebo

Side effects or other adverse events · adults with chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Summary of findings table ‐ immunostimulant showed no clear difference in adverse events/side effects compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings: garlic supplementation vs placebo

FEV1 (% predicted): mean change from baseline · children aged over eight and adults with cystic fibrosis and chronic pulmonary infection with P aeruginosa

Summary of findings: garlic supplementation showed no clear difference in respiratory function change from baseline in % predicted FEV1 compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review