Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

4,721 questions · 19,640 findings · 2,039 reviews · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 3,754 · 19.1%GRADE not reported 1,273 · 6.5%Very low 4,859 · 24.7%Low 5,568 · 28.4%Moderate 3,240 · 16.5%High 946 · 4.8%

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Non‐invasive brain stimulation vs usual care with or without sham interventions

Adverse effects (central nervous system) · people with depression after stroke

Non‐invasive brain stimulation showed no clear difference in adverse events: all ‐ central nervous system events (e.g. confusion,… compared with sham non‐invasive brain stimulation and/or usual care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐invasive brain stimulation vs usual care with or without sham interventions

Adverse events: all ‐ other events ‐ not listed above (e.g. dysuria, neck pain, eye discomfort) (secondary outcome) · people with depression after stroke

Non‐invasive brain stimulation showed no clear difference in adverse events: all ‐ other events ‐ not listed above (e.g. dysuria,… compared with sham non‐invasive brain stimulation and/or usual care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Psychological therapy vs usual care or attention control

Adverse events: death ‐ at end of treatment (secondary outcome) · people with depression after stroke

It is very uncertain whether psychological therapy changes adverse events: death ‐ at end of treatment (secondary outcome) compared with usual care and/or attention control (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Psychological therapy vs usual care or attention control

Adverse events: all ‐ central nervous system events (e.g. suicidal intentions) (secondary outcome) · people with depression after stroke

It is very uncertain whether psychological therapy changes adverse events: all ‐ central nervous system events (e.g. suicidal… compared with usual care and/or attention control (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Psychological therapy vs usual care or attention control

Adverse events: all ‐ other events ‐ not listed above (e.g. dysuria, neck pain, eye discomfort) (secondary outcome) · people with depression after stroke

It is very uncertain whether psychological therapy changes adverse events: all ‐ other events ‐ not listed above (e.g. fall,… compared with usual care and/or attention control (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐invasive brain stimulation and pharmacological intervention (combination) vs a pharmacological intervention and sham stimulation or usual care (single)

Adverse events: death ‐ at end of treatment (secondary outcome) · people with depression after stroke

It is very uncertain whether pharmacological intervention and non‐invasive brain stimulation… changes adverse events: death (secondary outcome) compared with a pharmacological intervention and sham stimulation or usual care… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐invasive brain stimulation and pharmacological intervention (combination) vs a pharmacological intervention and sham stimulation or usual care (single)

Adverse events: all ‐ central nervous system events (e.g. headache, seizures) (secondary outcome) · people with depression after stroke

It is very uncertain whether pharmacological intervention and non‐invasive brain stimulation… changes adverse events: all ‐ central nervous system events (e.g. headache,… compared with a pharmacological intervention and sham stimulation or usual care… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐invasive brain stimulation and pharmacological intervention (combination) vs a pharmacological intervention and sham stimulation or usual care (single)

Adverse events: all ‐ other events ‐ not listed above (e.g. dysuria, neck pain, eye discomfort) (secondary outcome) · people with depression after stroke

It is very uncertain whether pharmacological intervention and non‐invasive brain stimulation… changes adverse events: all ‐ other events ‐ not listed above (e.g.… compared with a pharmacological intervention and sham stimulation or usual care… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions vs placebo

Adverse events: death ‐ at end of treatment (secondary outcome) · people with depression after stroke

It is very uncertain whether pharmacological interventions changes adverse events: death (secondary outcome) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review