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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Oxytocin solution vs saline solution Blood transfusion · management of retained placenta Umbilical vein injection for management of retained placenta (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.78, 1.49] | 7 studies · 974 participants | Moderate |
Oxytocin solution vs saline solution Addition of therapeutic uterotonics · management of retained placenta Umbilical vein injection for management of retained placenta (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.59, 1.23] | 4 studies · 678 participants | Low |
Saline solution vs expectant management Maternal mortality · management of retained placenta Umbilical vein injection for management of retained placenta (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 87 participants | Very low |
Oxytocin solution vs saline solution Need for treatment with antibiotics (infection) · management of retained placenta Umbilical vein injection for management of retained placenta (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.26 [0.81, 1.96] | 2 studies · 635 participants | Moderate |
Oxytocin solution vs saline solution Maternal postpartum anaemia (haemoglobin 24–48 hours postpartum) · management of retained placenta Umbilical vein injection for management of retained placenta (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 167 participants | Very low |
Oxytocin solution vs plasma expander Manual removal of the placenta · management of retained placenta Umbilical vein injection for management of retained placenta (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.34 [0.97, 1.85] | 1 study · 109 participants | Very low |
Oxytocin solution vs plasma expander Maternal mortality · management of retained placenta Umbilical vein injection for management of retained placenta (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oxytocin solution vs plasma expander Severe PPH (≥ 1000 mL) · management of retained placenta Umbilical vein injection for management of retained placenta (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.34, 2.75] | 1 study · 109 participants | Very low |
Oxytocin solution vs plasma expander Blood transfusion · management of retained placenta Umbilical vein injection for management of retained placenta (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oxytocin solution vs plasma expander Additional therapeutic uterotonics · management of retained placenta Umbilical vein injection for management of retained placenta (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oxytocin solution vs plasma expander Need for treatment with antibiotics (infection) · management of retained placenta Umbilical vein injection for management of retained placenta (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oxytocin solution vs plasma expander Maternal postpartum anaemia (haemoglobin 24–48 hours postpartum) · management of retained placenta Umbilical vein injection for management of retained placenta (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Saline solution vs expectant management Severe PPH (≥ 1000 mL) · management of retained placenta Umbilical vein injection for management of retained placenta (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.17, 3.11] | 1 study · 122 participants | Very low |
Saline solution vs expectant management Blood transfusion · management of retained placenta Umbilical vein injection for management of retained placenta (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.41 [0.1, 1.73] | 3 studies · 277 participants | Very low |
Saline solution vs expectant management Addition of therapeutic uterotonics · management of retained placenta Umbilical vein injection for management of retained placenta (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Saline solution vs expectant management Need for treatment with antibiotics (infection) · management of retained placenta Umbilical vein injection for management of retained placenta (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.48 [0.09, 2.54] | 1 study · 176 participants | Very low |
Saline solution vs expectant management Maternal postpartum anaemia (haemoglobin 24–48 hours postpartum) · management of retained placenta Umbilical vein injection for management of retained placenta (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 163 participants | Very low |
Oxytocin solution vs expectant management Manual removal of the placenta · management of retained placenta Umbilical vein injection for management of retained placenta (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.56, 0.95] | 7 studies · 546 participants | Low |
Oxytocin solution vs expectant management Maternal mortality · management of retained placenta Umbilical vein injection for management of retained placenta (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 93 participants | Very low |
Antenatal (± postnatal) prophylaxis: heparin (LMWH or UFH) vs no treatment/placebo Maternal death · pregnant women at increased risk of VTE during pregnancy and the early postnatal period Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Antenatal (± postnatal) prophylaxis: LMWH vs UFH Adverse effects sufficient to stop treatment · pregnant women at increased risk of VTE during pregnancy and the early postnatal period Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.07 [0.01, 0.54] | 2 studies · 226 participants | Very low |
Peripartum/postnatal prophylaxis: UFH vs no treatment Maternal death · women with varicose veins before birth, having a caesarean (elective or emergency) or vaginal birth Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Peripartum/postnatal prophylaxis: UFH vs no treatment Symptomatic thromboembolic events ( · women with varicose veins before birth, having a caesarean (elective or emergency) or vaginal birth Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.16 [0.02, 1.36] | 1 study · 210 participants | Very low |
Peripartum/postnatal prophylaxis: UFH vs no treatment Symptomatic PE ( · women with varicose veins before birth, having a caesarean (elective or emergency) or vaginal birth Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.16 [0.01, 3.34] | 1 study · 210 participants | Very low |
Peripartum/postnatal prophylaxis: UFH vs no treatment Symptomatic DVT ( · women with varicose veins before birth, having a caesarean (elective or emergency) or vaginal birth Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.27 [0.03, 2.55] | 1 study · 210 participants | Very low |
Peripartum/postnatal prophylaxis: UFH vs no treatment Adverse effects sufficient to stop treatment · women with varicose veins before birth, having a caesarean (elective or emergency) or vaginal birth Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Peripartum/postnatal prophylaxis (caesarean): heparin (LMWH or UFH) vs no treatment/placebo Maternal death (timing of assessment unclear) · women giving birth by elective or emergency caesarean (elective only (1 trial), emergency or elective (4 trials)) Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 300 participants | Very low |
Peripartum/postnatal prophylaxis (caesarean): heparin (LMWH or UFH) vs no treatment/placebo Symptomatic thromboembolic events (timing of assessment unclear, within 6 weeks postpartum) · women giving birth by elective or emergency caesarean (elective only (1 trial), emergency or elective (4 trials)) Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.3 [0.39, 4.27] | 4 studies · 840 participants | Very low |
Peripartum/postnatal prophylaxis (caesarean): heparin (LMWH or UFH) vs no treatment/placebo Symptomatic PE (timing of assessment unclear, within 6 weeks postpartum) · women giving birth by elective or emergency caesarean (elective only (1 trial), emergency or elective (4 trials)) Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.1 [0.25, 4.87] | 4 studies · 840 participants | Very low |
Peripartum/postnatal prophylaxis (caesarean): heparin (LMWH or UFH) vs no treatment/placebo Symptomatic DVT (timing of assessment unclear, within 6 weeks postpartum) · women giving birth by elective or emergency caesarean (elective only (1 trial), emergency or elective (4 trials)) Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 1140 participants | Very low |
Antenatal (± postnatal) prophylaxis: heparin (LMWH or UFH) vs no treatment/placebo Symptomatic thromboembolic events ( · pregnant women at increased risk of VTE during pregnancy and the early postnatal period Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.39 [0.08, 1.98] | 4 studies · 476 participants | Very low |
Peripartum/postnatal prophylaxis (caesarean): heparin (LMWH or UFH) vs no treatment/placebo Adverse effects sufficient to stop treatment · women giving birth by elective or emergency caesarean (elective only (1 trial), emergency or elective (4 trials)) Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 140 participants | Very low |
Peripartum/postnatal prophylaxis (caesarean): LMWH vs UFH Maternal death · women giving birth by elective or emergency caesarean (elective or emergency (1 trial), elective cesarean only (1… Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Peripartum/postnatal prophylaxis (caesarean): LMWH vs UFH Symptomatic thromboembolic events (timing of assessment unclear, within 6 weeks postpartum) · women giving birth by elective or emergency caesarean (elective or emergency (1 trial), elective cesarean only (1… Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.01, 7.99] | 3 studies · 217 participants | Very low |
Peripartum/postnatal prophylaxis (caesarean): LMWH vs UFH Symptomatic PE (timing of assessment unclear, within 6 weeks postpartum) · women giving birth by elective or emergency caesarean (elective or emergency (1 trial), elective cesarean only (1… Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 217 participants | Very low |
Peripartum/postnatal prophylaxis (caesarean): LMWH vs UFH Symptomatic DVT (timing of assessment unclear, within 6 weeks postpartum) · women giving birth by elective or emergency caesarean (elective or emergency (1 trial), elective cesarean only (1… Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.01, 7.99] | 3 studies · 217 participants | Very low |
Peripartum/postnatal prophylaxis (caesarean): LMWH vs UFH Adverse effects sufficient to stop treatment · women giving birth by elective or emergency caesarean (elective or emergency (1 trial), elective cesarean only (1… Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Postnatal prophylaxis: LMWH vs no treatment/placebo Maternal death · women at increased risk of VTE in the early postpartum period Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 24 participants | Very low |
Postnatal prophylaxis: LMWH vs no treatment/placebo Symptomatic thromboembolic events ( · women at increased risk of VTE in the early postpartum period Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 58 participants | Very low |
Postnatal prophylaxis: LMWH vs no treatment/placebo Symptomatic PE ( · women at increased risk of VTE in the early postpartum period Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 58 participants | Very low |
Postnatal prophylaxis: LMWH vs no treatment/placebo Symptomatic DVT ( · women at increased risk of VTE in the early postpartum period Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 58 participants | Very low |
Antenatal (± postnatal) prophylaxis: heparin (LMWH or UFH) vs no treatment/placebo Symptomatic PE ( · pregnant women at increased risk of VTE during pregnancy and the early postnatal period Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.02, 7.14] | 3 studies · 187 participants | Very low |
Postnatal prophylaxis: LMWH vs no treatment/placebo Adverse effects sufficient to stop treatment · women at increased risk of VTE in the early postpartum period Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Antenatal (± postnatal) prophylaxis: heparin (LMWH or UFH) vs no treatment/placebo Symptomatic DVT ( · pregnant women at increased risk of VTE during pregnancy and the early postnatal period Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.04, 3.1] | 4 studies · 227 participants | Very low |
Antenatal (± postnatal) prophylaxis: heparin (LMWH or UFH) vs no treatment/placebo Adverse effects sufficient to stop treatment · pregnant women at increased risk of VTE during pregnancy and the early postnatal period Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.49 [0.05, 5.31] | 1 study · 139 participants | Very low |
Antenatal (± postnatal) prophylaxis: LMWH vs UFH Maternal death · pregnant women at increased risk of VTE during pregnancy and the early postnatal period Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Antenatal (± postnatal) prophylaxis: LMWH vs UFH Symptomatic thromboembolic events ( · pregnant women at increased risk of VTE during pregnancy and the early postnatal period Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.47 [0.09, 2.49] | 4 studies · 404 participants | Very low |
Antenatal (± postnatal) prophylaxis: LMWH vs UFH Symptomatic PE ( · pregnant women at increased risk of VTE during pregnancy and the early postnatal period Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 287 participants | Very low |
Antenatal (± postnatal) prophylaxis: LMWH vs UFH Symptomatic DVT ( · pregnant women at increased risk of VTE during pregnancy and the early postnatal period Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 287 participants | Very low |
Early discharge vs standard discharge Infants readmitted for neonatal morbidity within 28 days · healthy mothers and term infants Early postnatal discharge from hospital for healthy mothers and term infants (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.59 [1.27, 1.98] | 10 studies · 6918 participants | Moderate |