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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
970 questions in 77 reviews · Epilepsy
current versionsNo studies 190 · 19.6%Ungraded 42 · 4.3%Very low 135 · 13.9%Low 289 · 29.8%Moderate 242 · 24.9%High 72 · 7.4%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Chloral hydrate oral (100 mg/kg or 75 mg/kg) vs midazolam (intranasal 0.2 mg/kg or oral 0.5 mg/kg) Sedation duration (minutes) · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 33 participants | Low |
Chloral hydrate oral (50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg) vs dexmedetomidine oral (2 µg/kg or 3 µg/kg) Proportion of children who required a further dose of either the same sedative agent or the addition of a different sedative agent · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Chloral hydrate oral (100 mg/kg or 75 mg/kg) vs midazolam (intranasal 0.2 mg/kg or oral 0.5 mg/kg) EEG sedative‐induced artefact · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.58 [0.44, 0.76] | 1 study · 198 participants | High |
Chloral hydrate oral (100 mg/kg or 75 mg/kg) vs midazolam (intranasal 0.2 mg/kg or oral 0.5 mg/kg) Number of children with clinical adverse events (any) · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.2 [0.01, 4.2] | 1 study · 198 participants | Low |
Chloral hydrate oral (50 mg/kg) vs melatonin oral Proportion of children who successfully completed neurodiagnostic procedure without interruption by the child awakening · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Chloral hydrate oral (50 mg/kg) vs melatonin oral Proportion of children who required a further dose of either the same sedative agent or the addition of a different sedative agent · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Chloral hydrate oral (50 mg/kg) vs melatonin oral Time to adequate sedation (minutes or as measured by specific validated scales such as the Ramsay Sedation Score) · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Chloral hydrate oral (50 mg/kg) vs melatonin oral Proportion of children who had sedation failure or inadequate level of sedation · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Chloral hydrate oral (50 mg/kg) vs melatonin oral EEG sedative‐induced artefact · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.14, 0.82] | 1 study · 348 participants | Low |
Chloral hydrate oral (50 mg/kg) vs melatonin oral Number of children with clinical adverse events (any) · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.25, 3.93] | 1 study · 348 participants | Low |
Chloral hydrate oral (50 mg/kg + 50 mg/kg) vs hydroxyzine hydrochloride oral (1 mg/kg + 1 mg/kg) Proportion of children who successfully completed neurodiagnostic procedure without interruption by the child awakening · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Chloral hydrate oral (50 mg/kg + 50 mg/kg) vs hydroxyzine hydrochloride oral (1 mg/kg + 1 mg/kg) Proportion of children who required a further dose of either the same sedative agent or the addition of a different sedative agent · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Chloral hydrate oral (50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg) vs dexmedetomidine oral (2 µg/kg or 3 µg/kg) Time to adequate sedation (minutes or as measured by specific validated scales such as the Ramsay Sedation Score) · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 160 participants | Moderate |
Chloral hydrate oral (50 mg/kg + 50 mg/kg) vs hydroxyzine hydrochloride oral (1 mg/kg + 1 mg/kg) TIme to adequate sedation (minutes or as measured by specific validated scales such as the Ramsay Sedation Score) · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 282 participants | Moderate |
Chloral hydrate oral (50 mg/kg + 50 mg/kg) vs hydroxyzine hydrochloride oral (1 mg/kg + 1 mg/kg) Proportion of children who had sedation failure or inadequate level of sedation · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.11, 1.01] | 1 study · 282 participants | Low |
Chloral hydrate oral (50 mg/kg + 50 mg/kg) vs hydroxyzine hydrochloride oral (1 mg/kg + 1 mg/kg) Sedation duration (minutes) · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 282 participants | Moderate |
Chloral hydrate oral (50 mg/kg + 50 mg/kg) vs hydroxyzine hydrochloride oral (1 mg/kg + 1 mg/kg) Number of children with clinical adverse event: behavioural change · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.17 [0.4, 3.38] | 1 study · 282 participants | Low |
Chloral hydrate oral (50 mg/kg + 50 mg/kg) vs hydroxyzine hydrochloride oral (1 mg/kg + 1 mg/kg) Number of children with clinical adverse event: nausea or vomiting · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.25 [0.34, 4.56] | 1 study · 282 participants | Low |
Chloral hydrate oral (70 mg/kg) vs promethazine oral (1 mg/kg) Proportion of children who successfully completed neurodiagnostic procedure without interruption by the child awakening · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Chloral hydrate oral (70 mg/kg) vs promethazine oral (1 mg/kg) Proportion of children who required a further dose of either the same sedative agent or the addition of a different sedative agent · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Chloral hydrate oral (70 mg/kg) vs promethazine oral (1 mg/kg) Time to adequate sedation (minutes or as measured by specific validated scales such as the Ramsay Sedation Score) · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Moderate |
Chloral hydrate oral (70 mg/kg) vs promethazine oral (1 mg/kg) Proportion of children with inadequate level of sedation (Ramsay score below 4) · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.03 [0, 0.45] | 1 study · 60 participants | Low |
Chloral hydrate oral (70 mg/kg) vs promethazine oral (1 mg/kg) Proportion of children who had sedation failure or inadequate level of sedation · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.11 [0.01, 0.82] | 1 study · 60 participants | Moderate |
Chloral hydrate oral (50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg) vs dexmedetomidine oral (2 µg/kg or 3 µg/kg) Proportion of children who had sedation failure or inadequate level of sedation · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.14 [0.51, 2.53] | 1 study · 160 participants | Moderate |
Chloral hydrate oral (70 mg/kg) vs promethazine oral (1 mg/kg) Number of children with clinical adverse event: behavioural change · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.2 [0.01, 4] | 1 study · 60 participants | Moderate |
Chloral hydrate oral (70 mg/kg) vs promethazine oral (1 mg/kg) Number of children with clinical adverse event: vomiting or nausea · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | RR 13 [0.76, 220.96] | 1 study · 60 participants | Low |
Chloral hydrate oral (60 mg/kg) vs music therapy Proportion of children who successfully completed neurodiagnostic procedure without interruption by the child awakening · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Chloral hydrate oral (60 mg/kg) vs music therapy Proportion of children who required a further dose of either the same sedative agent or the addition of a different sedative agent · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Chloral hydrate oral (60 mg/kg) vs music therapy Time to adequate sedation (minutes or as measured by specific validated scales such as the Ramsay Sedation Score) · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 58 participants | Very low |
Chloral hydrate oral (60 mg/kg) vs music therapy Proportion of children who had sedation failure or inadequate level of sedation · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | RR 17 [2.37, 122.14] | 1 study · 58 participants | Very low |
Chloral hydrate oral (60 mg/kg) vs music therapy Sedation duration (minutes) · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 58 participants | Very low |
Chloral hydrate oral (60 mg/kg) vs music therapy Number of children with clinical adverse events (any) · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Chloral hydrate oral (50 mg/kg) vs sodium thiopental rectal (25 mg/kg) Proportion of children who successfully completed neurodiagnostic procedure without interruption by the child awakening · neurodiagnostic procedures in children Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.83, 1.09] | 1 study · 140 participants | Moderate |
Chloral hydrate oral (50 mg/kg) vs sodium thiopental rectal (25 mg/kg) Time to adequate sedation (minutes or as measured by specific validated scales such as the Ramsay Sedation Score) · neurodiagnostic procedures in children Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 140 participants | Moderate |
Chloral hydrate oral (50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg) vs dexmedetomidine oral (2 µg/kg or 3 µg/kg) Sedation duration (minutes) · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 160 participants | Moderate |
Chloral hydrate oral (50 mg/kg) vs sodium thiopental rectal (25 mg/kg) Proportion of children who had sedation failure or inadequate level of sedation · neurodiagnostic procedures in children Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.33 [0.6, 2.96] | 1 study · 140 participants | Moderate |
Chloral hydrate oral (50 mg/kg) vs sodium thiopental rectal (25 mg/kg) Sedation duration (minutes · neurodiagnostic procedures in children Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 140 participants | Moderate |
Chloral hydrate oral (50 mg/kg) vs sodium thiopental rectal (25 mg/kg) Number of children with clinical adverse event: desaturation · neurodiagnostic procedures in children Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | RR 5 [0.24, 102.3] | 1 study · 140 participants | Low |
Chloral hydrate oral (50 mg/kg) vs sodium thiopental rectal (25 mg/kg) Number of children with clinical adverse event: diarrhoea · neurodiagnostic procedures in children Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.04 [0, 0.72] | 1 study · 140 participants | Moderate |
Chloral hydrate oral (50 mg/kg) vs sodium thiopental rectal (25 mg/kg) Mean diastolic blood pressure during procedure (mmHg) · neurodiagnostic procedures in children Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 140 participants | Moderate |
Chloral hydrate oral (50 mg/kg) vs clonidine oral (4 μg/kg) Time to adequate sedation (minutes or as measured by specific validated scales such as the Ramsay Sedation Score) (minutes) · neurodiagnostic procedures in children Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 198 participants | Low |
Chloral hydrate oral (50 mg/kg) vs clonidine oral (4 μg/kg) Sedation duration (minutes) · neurodiagnostic procedures in children Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 198 participants | Low |
Chloral hydrate oral (50 mg/kg) vs clonidine oral (4 μg/kg) Number of children with clinical adverse event: drowsiness · neurodiagnostic procedures in children Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.44 [0.3, 0.64] | 1 study · 198 participants | Moderate |
Chloral hydrate oral (50 mg/kg) vs clonidine oral (4 μg/kg) Number of children with clinical adverse event: vertigo · neurodiagnostic procedures in children Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.15 [0.01, 2.79] | 1 study · 198 participants | Moderate |
Chloral hydrate oral (50 mg/kg) vs dexmedetomidine intranasal (3 μg/kg) Time to adequate sedation (minutes or as measured by specific validated scales such as the Ramsay Sedation Score) (minutes) · neurodiagnostic procedures in children Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 194 participants | Moderate |
Chloral hydrate oral (50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg) vs dexmedetomidine oral (2 µg/kg or 3 µg/kg) Number of children with clinical adverse events (any) · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | RR 7.66 [1.78, 32.91] | 1 study · 160 participants | Low |
Chloral hydrate oral (50 mg/kg) vs dexmedetomidine intranasal (3 μg/kg) Number of children with clinical adverse event: bradycardia · neurodiagnostic procedures in children Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.17 [0.05, 0.59] | 1 study · 194 participants | High |
Chloral hydrate oral (50 mg/kg) vs dexmedetomidine intranasal (3 μg/kg) Number of children with clinical adverse event: unsteadiness within 24 h after discharge · neurodiagnostic procedures in children Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | RR 10.21 [0.58, 178.52] | 1 study · 173 participants | Low |
Chloral hydrate oral (50 mg/kg) vs dexmedetomidine intranasal (3 μg/kg) Number of children with clinical adverse event: crying during administration of sedation · neurodiagnostic procedures in children Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.39 [1.08, 1.8] | 1 study · 194 participants | Moderate |
Chloral hydrate oral (50 mg/kg) vs dexmedetomidine intranasal (3 μg/kg) Number of children with clinical adverse event: vomiting · neurodiagnostic procedures in children Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children (2021) · Cochrane | RR 10.59 [0.61, 185.45] | 1 study · 194 participants | Low |