Disease severity · children aged up to 16 years with ARTIs
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Recurrence of ARTI · children aged up to 16 years with ARTIs
Homeopathic medicinal products (non‐individualised treatment) showed no clear difference in recurrence of ARTI compared with placebo or usual care (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Days off work for parents · children aged up to 16 years with ARTIs
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Need for antibiotics · children aged up to 16 years with ARTIs
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Number of participants who were diagnosed with acute URTIs: at least 1 event · children, adults, and the elderly
Intention‐to‐treat analysis: probiotics may leads to lower number of participants who were diagnosed with acute URTIs: at least… compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Number of participants who were diagnosed with acute URTIs: at least 3 events · children, adults, and the elderly
Intention‐to‐treat analysis: probiotics probably leads to lower number of participants who were diagnosed with acute URTIs: at least… compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Incidence of acute URTIs during the study period (the number of acute URTIs over a period of time) · children, adults, and the elderly
Intention‐to‐treat analysis: probiotics may leads to lower incidence rate of acute URTIs compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Mean duration of an episode of acute URTIs · children, adults, and the elderly
1 finding from 1 review
Number of participants who were absent from childcare centre, school, or work due to acute URTIs · children, adults, and the elderly
It is very uncertain whether intention‐to‐treat analysis: probiotics changes number of participants who were absent from childcare centre,… compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Participants with at least some Side Effects · children, adults, and the elderly
Intention‐to‐treat analysis: probiotics showed no clear difference in number of participants who experienced at least 1 side effect or… compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Mortality within 28 days · people with acute respiratory infections
1 finding from 1 review
Number of participants in need of a hospital admission within 28 days · people with acute respiratory infections
1 finding from 1 review
Clinical recovery · people with acute respiratory infections
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
2 findings from 1 review
Clinical recovery · people with acute respiratory infections
2 findings from 1 review
Mortality within 28 days · people with acute respiratory infections
1 finding from 1 review
Number of participants in need of a hospital admission within 28 days · people with acute respiratory infections
1 finding from 1 review
Incidence of pneumonia Defined as patient admitted to hospital with a diagnosis of pneumonia Dose: 2 g per day · school‐aged children (6 to 15 years) and marine corps recruits (mean age 18.5 years)
It is very uncertain whether vitamin C changes incidence of pneumonia Defined as patient admitted to hospital with… compared with placebo (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Mortality (pneumonia-associated) · school‐aged children (6 to 15 years) and marine corps recruits (mean age 18.5 years)
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Adverse effects (urticaria) Defined as participants reporting urticaria (hives) Dose: 2 g per day · school‐aged children (6 to 15 years) and marine corps recruits (mean age 18.5 years)
It is very uncertain whether vitamin C changes adverse effects (urticaria) Defined as participants reporting… compared with placebo (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Duration of illness · children under 5 years of age
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Very low