What do systematic reviews say?

Salbutamol vs placebo/no treatment

• Salbutamol for transient tachypnea of the newborn 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 338 participants
  Low

Salbutamol vs placebo/no treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Salbutamol for transient tachypnea of the newborn 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Salbutamol vs placebo/no treatment

It is very uncertain whether salbutamol changes pneumothorax (yes/no) compared with placebo/no treatment (very low certainty).

• Salbutamol for transient tachypnea of the newborn 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 80 participants
  Very low

Indomethacin vs placebo or control

Indomethacin leads to lower failure of PDA closure within 1 week of administration of the first… compared with placebo or control (high certainty).

• Indomethacin for symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.3 [0.23, 0.38]
  10 studies · 654 participants
  High

Indomethacin vs placebo or control

Indomethacin showed no clear difference in bronchopulmonary dysplasia at 28 days compared with placebo or control (low certainty).

• Indomethacin for symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.45 [0.6, 3.51]
  1 study · 55 participants
  Low

Indomethacin vs placebo or control

Indomethacin showed no clear difference in bronchopulmonary dysplasia at 36 weeks' gestation compared with placebo or control (low certainty).

• Indomethacin for symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.8 [0.41, 1.55]
  1 study · 92 participants
  Low

Indomethacin vs placebo or control

Indomethacin showed no clear difference in all‐cause neonatal mortality before hospital discharge compared with placebo or control (moderate certainty).

• Indomethacin for symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.78 [0.46, 1.33]
  8 studies · 314 participants
  Moderate

Indomethacin vs placebo or control

Indomethacin showed no clear difference in proportion of infants requiring surgical ligation of PDA compared with placebo or control (moderate certainty).

• Indomethacin for symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.66 [0.33, 1.29]
  7 studies · 275 participants
  Moderate

Indomethacin vs placebo or control

Indomethacin showed no clear difference in NEC (≥ Bell stage 2) compared with placebo or control (low certainty).

• Indomethacin for symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.27 [0.36, 4.55]
  2 studies · 147 participants
  Low

Indomethacin vs placebo or control

Indomethacin showed no clear difference in mucocutaneous or gastrointestinal bleeding compared with placebo or control (low certainty).

• Indomethacin for symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.33 [0.01, 7.58]
  2 studies · 119 participants
  Low

Opioids vs placebo or no treatment

• Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 963 participants
  Very low

Opioids vs placebo or no treatment

• Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  7 studies · 1259 participants
  Moderate

Opioids vs placebo or no treatment

Opioids showed no clear difference in neonatal mortality compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).

• Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.12 [0.8, 1.55]
  5 studies · 1189 participants
  Moderate

Opioids vs placebo or no treatment

Opioids showed no clear difference in mortality to discharge compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

• Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.99 [0.52, 1.88]
  4 studies · 178 participants
  Low

Opioids vs placebo or no treatment

It is very uncertain whether opioids changes neurodevelopmental outcomes (18 to 24 months) compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

• Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2 [0.39, 10.29]
  1 study · 78 participants
  Very low
• Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found
• Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.6 [0.56, 4.56]
  1 study · 95 participants
  Very low

Lactoferrin supplementation with enteral feeds in combination with probiotics vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether lactoferrin supplementation with enteral feeds in combination with… changes all‐cause mortality compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Enteral lactoferrin supplementation for prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.58 [0.3, 1.13]
  2 studies · 671 participants
  Very low

Lactoferrin supplementation with enteral feeds in combination with probiotics vs placebo

Lactoferrin supplementation with enteral feeds in combination with… may leads to lower bacterial sepsis compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Enteral lactoferrin supplementation for prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.28 [0.11, 0.72]
  1 study · 319 participants
  Low

Lactoferrin supplementation with enteral feeds in combination with probiotics vs placebo

Lactoferrin supplementation with enteral feeds in combination with… may leads to lower fungal Infection compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Enteral lactoferrin supplementation for prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.24 [0.08, 0.71]
  2 studies · 494 participants
  Low

Lactoferrin supplementation with enteral feeds in combination with probiotics vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether lactoferrin supplementation with enteral feeds in combination with… changes chronic lung disease compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Enteral lactoferrin supplementation for prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.67 [0.25, 1.79]
  1 study · 319 participants
  Very low

Lactoferrin supplementation with enteral feeds in combination with probiotics vs placebo

• Enteral lactoferrin supplementation for prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 496 participants
  Very low