Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

477 questions · 520 findings · 39 reviews · Back and Neck

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No studies found 91 · 17.5%GRADE not reported 14 · 2.7%Very low 137 · 26.3%Low 149 · 28.7%Moderate 104 · 20%High 25 · 4.8%

Back School vs joint manipulation

Adverse events Number of events · participants with acute or subacute low‐back pain

It is very uncertain whether back school changes adverse events Number of events compared with joint manipulation (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Back schools for acute and subacute non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.02 [0.35, 2.94]
1 study · 97 participants
Very low

Back School vs combined myofascial therapy and joint manipulation

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · participants with acute or subacute low‐back pain

2 findings from 1 review

Back schools for acute and subacute non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 62 participants
Very low
Back schools for acute and subacute non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 63 participants
Very low

Back School vs combined myofascial therapy and joint manipulation

Back‐specific functional status · participants with acute or subacute low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Back schools for acute and subacute non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 62 participants
Very low

Back School vs combined myofascial therapy and joint manipulation

Disability (intermediate‐term) RMDQ. Scale from: 0 to 24. · participants with acute or subacute low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Back schools for acute and subacute non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 62 participants
Very low

Back School vs combined myofascial therapy and joint manipulation

Adverse events Number of events · participants with acute or subacute low‐back pain

It is very uncertain whether back school changes adverse events Number of events compared with combined myofascial therapy and joint manipulation (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Back schools for acute and subacute non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.93 [0.34, 2.57]
1 study · 100 participants
Very low

Back School vs combined physical therapies

Duration of sick‐leave Sick‐leave > 21 days · participants with acute or subacute low‐back pain

It is very uncertain whether back school changes duration of sick‐leave Sick‐leave > 21 days compared with combined physical therapies (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Back schools for acute and subacute non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.64 [0.41, 1.01]
1 study · 116 participants
Very low

Back school + other treatment vs other treatment alone

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · participants with acute or subacute low‐back pain

2 findings from 1 review

Back schools for acute and subacute non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 156 participants
Very low
Back schools for acute and subacute non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 140 participants
Very low

Back school + other treatment vs other treatment alone

Pain (long‐term) VAS. Scale from: 0 to 10. · participants with acute or subacute low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Back schools for acute and subacute non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 141 participants
Very low

Back school + other treatment vs other treatment alone

Disability (Roland‐Morris Disability Questionnaire) Scale from: 0 to 23; 0 is no disability. · participants with acute or subacute low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Back schools for acute and subacute non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 156 participants
Very low

Back school + other treatment vs other treatment alone

Disability (intermediate‐term) RMDQ. Scale from: 0 to 24. · participants with acute or subacute low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Back schools for acute and subacute non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 140 participants
Very low

Back school + other treatment vs other treatment alone

Disability Long‐term (≥ 12 months) Disability scores converted to 0 to 100 scale to allow for comparison of different disability scales (RMDQ, ODI, JOA) · participants with acute or subacute low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Back schools for acute and subacute non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 141 participants
Very low

Back school + other treatment vs other treatment alone

Work absence · participants with acute or subacute low‐back pain

It is very uncertain whether back school + other treatment changes work absence at 30 days Number of participants on sick‐leave compared with other treatment alone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Back schools for acute and subacute non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.94 [0.76, 1.16]
1 study · 168 participants
Very low

Back School vs Community care: advice only

Days of sick‐leave at 1 year · participants with acute or subacute low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Back schools for acute and subacute non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 56 participants
Very low

Back School vs myofascial therapy

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · participants with acute or subacute low‐back pain

2 findings from 1 review

Back schools for acute and subacute non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 63 participants
Very low
Back schools for acute and subacute non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 61 participants
Very low

Back School vs myofascial therapy

Back‐specific functional status · participants with acute or subacute low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Back schools for acute and subacute non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 63 participants
Very low

Back School vs myofascial therapy

Disability (intermediate‐term) RMDQ. Scale from: 0 to 24. · participants with acute or subacute low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Back schools for acute and subacute non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 61 participants
Very low

Back School vs myofascial therapy

Adverse events Number of events · participants with acute or subacute low‐back pain

It is very uncertain whether back school changes adverse events Number of events compared with myofascial therapy (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Back schools for acute and subacute non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.59 [0.48, 5.3]
1 study · 99 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Pain VAS (0 to 100) Short‐term · patients with non‐specific chronic low back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Motor control exercise for chronic non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
13 studies · 872 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Pain VAS (0 to 100) Long‐term · patients with non‐specific chronic low back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Motor control exercise for chronic non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 406 participants
High

Intervention not reported

Disability Multiple scales (0 to 100) Short‐term · patients with non‐specific chronic low back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Motor control exercise for chronic non‐specific low‐back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 282 participants
Moderate