Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

4,756 questions · 13,493 findings · 1,305 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 2,594 · 19.2%GRADE not reported 728 · 5.4%Very low 2,868 · 21.3%Low 3,777 · 28%Moderate 2,620 · 19.4%High 906 · 6.7%

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Remdesivir and standard care vs placebo or usual care

All‐cause mortality at up to day 28 · non‐hospitalised adults with mild COVID‐19

1 finding from 1 review

Remdesivir for the treatment of COVID‐19 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 562 participants
GRADE not reported

Remdesivir and standard care vs placebo or usual care

Clinical improvement: participants with symptom alleviation at up to day 14 · non‐hospitalised adults with mild COVID‐19

It is very uncertain whether remdesivir and standard care changes clinical improvement: participants with symptom alleviation at up to… compared with standard care (plus/minus placebo) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Remdesivir for the treatment of COVID‐19 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
HR 1.41 [0.73, 2.71]
1 study · 126 participants
Very low

Opioids vs no treatment/placebo

Pain (PIPP) · procedural pain in neonates

3 findings from 1 review

Opioids for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 199 participants
Moderate
Opioids for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 123 participants
Very low
Opioids for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 54 participants
Very low

Opioids vs no treatment/placebo

Parent satisfaction with care provided in the NICU—not reported · procedural pain in neonates

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Opioids vs no treatment/placebo

Pain, assessed using the DAN pain scale, ranging from 0 to 21, 1 to 2 hours after procedure · procedural pain in neonates

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 42 participants
Low

Opioids vs no treatment/placebo

Pain, assessed using the CRIES pain scale, ranging from 0 to 10, during the procedure— opioids versus facilitated tucking · procedural pain in neonates

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 102 participants
Low

Opioids vs no treatment/placebo

Any harms ‐ severe apnea requiring resuscitation · procedural pain in neonates

It is very uncertain whether opioids changes any harms ‐ severe apnea requiring resuscitation compared with no treatment/placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 7.44 [0.42, 132.95]
1 study · 31 participants
Very low

Opioids vs no treatment/placebo

Episodes of bradycardia · procedural pain in neonates

It is very uncertain whether opioids changes episodes of bradycardia compared with no treatment/placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 3.19 [0.14, 72.69]
3 studies · 172 participants
Very low

Opioids vs no treatment/placebo

Episodes of apnea · procedural pain in neonates

Opioids may leads to higher episodes of apnea compared with no treatment/placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 3.15 [1.08, 9.16]
3 studies · 199 participants
Low

Opioids vs no treatment/placebo

Hypotension · procedural pain in neonates

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 88 participants
Very low

Diclofenac vs placebo

Outcome№ of participants(studies) · children with acute postoperative pain

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in children 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Diclofenac vs placebo

Relief of pain · children with acute postoperative pain

2 findings from 1 review

Diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in children 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
50 participants
GRADE not reported
Diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in children 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
50 participants
GRADE not reported

Diclofenac vs placebo

Reduction in pain intensity · children with acute postoperative pain

2 findings from 1 review

Diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in children 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 participants
GRADE not reported
Diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in children 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 participants
GRADE not reported

Diclofenac vs placebo

Nausea and vomiting · children with acute postoperative pain

It is very uncertain whether diclofenac changes nausea, vomiting, or both during study period № of participants:… compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in children 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.83 [0.38, 1.8]
2 studies · 100 participants
Very low

Diclofenac vs placebo

Any bleeding during study period № of participants: 100(2 RCTs)d · children with acute postoperative pain

It is very uncertain whether diclofenac changes any bleeding during study period № of participants: 100(2 RCTs)d compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in children 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 3 [0.34, 26.45]
2 studies · 100 participants
Very low

Diclofenac vs placebo

Serious adverse events during the study period · children with acute postoperative pain

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in children 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Topical ophthalmic anesthetic vs placebo or NSAID

Changes in mean participant‐reported ocular pain from baseline to 24 hours · corneal abrasion (post‐trauma or post‐surgical)

1 finding from 1 review

Topical ophthalmic anesthetics for corneal abrasions 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Very low

Topical ophthalmic anesthetic plus NSAID vs placebo

Proportion of participants with complications at longest time point Up to 1 week · corneal abrasion (post‐surgical)

1 finding from 1 review

Topical ophthalmic anesthetics for corneal abrasions 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 30 participants
Very low

Topical ophthalmic anesthetic vs placebo or NSAID

Changes in mean participant‐reported ocular pain from baseline to 48 hours · corneal abrasion (post‐trauma or post‐surgical)

1 finding from 1 review

Topical ophthalmic anesthetics for corneal abrasions 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Very low

Topical ophthalmic anesthetic vs placebo or NSAID

Changes in mean participant‐reported ocular pain from baseline to 72 hours · corneal abrasion (post‐trauma or post‐surgical)

1 finding from 1 review

Topical ophthalmic anesthetics for corneal abrasions 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 44 participants
Very low