Subgroup: combination NRT; smoking cessation (≥ 6 month · people who smoke
Reduction and pharmacotherapy showed no clear difference in subgroup: combination NRT; smoking cessation (≥ 6 month compared with reduction alone (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Subgroup: nicotine patch; smoking cessation (≥ 6 month · people who smoke
It is very uncertain whether reduction and pharmacotherapy changes subgroup: nicotine patch; smoking cessation (≥ 6 month compared with reduction alone (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Subgroup: fast‐acting NRT only; smoking cessation (≥ 6 month · people who smoke
Reduction and pharmacotherapy probably leads to higher subgroup: fast‐acting NRT only; smoking cessation (≥ 6 month compared with reduction alone (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Subgroup: varenicline only; smoking cessation (≥ 6 month · people who smoke
Reduction and pharmacotherapy probably leads to higher subgroup: varenicline only; smoking cessation (≥ 6 month compared with reduction alone (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Subgroup: bupropion only; smoking cessation (≥ 6 month · people who smoke
Reduction and pharmacotherapy showed no clear difference in subgroup: bupropion only; smoking cessation (≥ 6 month compared with reduction alone (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Self‐reported pain · children aged 2‐19 years with mixed medical (acute or chronic illness) or generally healthy undergoing venipuncture, immunization,…
1 finding from 1 review
Observer‐reported distress · children aged 3‐18 years with mixed medical (acute or chronic illness) or generally healthy undergoing immunization, intravenous…
1 finding from 1 review
Behavioral measures‐ pain · children aged 3‐18 years with mixed medical (acute or chronic illness) or generally healthy undergoing immunization, intravenous…
1 finding from 1 review
Behavioral measures‐ distress · children aged 3‐18 years with mixed medical (acute or chronic illness) or generally healthy undergoing immunization, intravenous…
1 finding from 1 review
Self‐reported pain · children aged 3‐16 years with chronic illness (cancer) or generally healthy undergoing bone marrow aspirations, lumbar punctures,…
1 finding from 1 review
Self‐reported distress · children aged 3‐16 years with chronic illness (cancer) or generally healthy undergoing bone marrow aspirations, lumbar punctures,…
1 finding from 1 review
Observer‐reported pain · children aged 3‐16 years with chronic illness (cancer) or generally healthy undergoing bone marrow aspirations, lumbar punctures,…
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Observer‐reported distress · children aged 3‐16 years with chronic illness (cancer) or generally healthy undergoing bone marrow aspirations, lumbar punctures,…
1 finding from 1 review
Behavioral measures‐ pain · children aged 3‐16 years with chronic illness (cancer) or generally healthy undergoing bone marrow aspirations, lumbar punctures,…
1 finding from 1 review
Behavioral measures‐ distress · children aged 3‐16 years with chronic illness (cancer) or generally healthy undergoing bone marrow aspirations, lumbar punctures,…
1 finding from 1 review
Self‐reported distress · children aged 2‐19 years with mixed medical (acute or chronic illness) or generally healthy undergoing venipuncture, immunization,…
1 finding from 1 review
Observer‐reported pain · children aged 2‐19 years with mixed medical (acute or chronic illness) or generally healthy undergoing venipuncture, immunization,…
1 finding from 1 review
Observer‐reported distress · children aged 2‐19 years with mixed medical (acute or chronic illness) or generally healthy undergoing venipuncture, immunization,…
1 finding from 1 review
Behavioral measures‐ pain · children aged 2‐19 years with mixed medical (acute or chronic illness) or generally healthy undergoing venipuncture, immunization,…
1 finding from 1 review
Behavioral measures‐ distress · children aged 2‐19 years with mixed medical (acute or chronic illness) or generally healthy undergoing venipuncture, immunization,…
1 finding from 1 review