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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
780 questions in 55 reviews · Public Health
current versionsNo studies 162 · 20.8%Ungraded 52 · 6.7%Very low 231 · 29.6%Low 191 · 24.5%Moderate 122 · 15.6%High 22 · 2.8%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
'Summary of findings' table for secondary outcomes: Taxation of sugar‐added foods vs no taxation Mean expenditure on untaxed sugar‐added foods · general population Taxation of unprocessed sugar or sugar‐added foods for reducing their consumption and preventing obesity or… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40210 participants | Very low |
'Summary of findings' table for secondary outcomes: Taxation of sugar‐added foods vs no taxation Difference in mean expenditure on taxed sugar‐added foods compared with untaxed sugar‐added foods · general population Taxation of unprocessed sugar or sugar‐added foods for reducing their consumption and preventing obesity or… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40210 participants | Very low |
'Summary of findings' table for primary outcomes: Taxation of sugar‐added foods vs no taxation Consumption of unprocessed sugar · general population Taxation of unprocessed sugar or sugar‐added foods for reducing their consumption and preventing obesity or… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
'Summary of findings' table for primary outcomes: Taxation of sugar‐added foods vs no taxation Energy intake from unprocessed sugar or sugar‐added foods · general population Taxation of unprocessed sugar or sugar‐added foods for reducing their consumption and preventing obesity or… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
'Summary of findings' table for primary outcomes: Taxation of sugar‐added foods vs no taxation Total energy intake · general population Taxation of unprocessed sugar or sugar‐added foods for reducing their consumption and preventing obesity or… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
'Summary of findings' table for primary outcomes: Taxation of sugar‐added foods vs no taxation Overweight · general population Taxation of unprocessed sugar or sugar‐added foods for reducing their consumption and preventing obesity or… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
'Summary of findings' table for primary outcomes: Taxation of sugar‐added foods vs no taxation Obesity · general population Taxation of unprocessed sugar or sugar‐added foods for reducing their consumption and preventing obesity or… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
'Summary of findings' table for secondary outcomes: Taxation of sugar‐added foods vs no taxation Substitution: mean consumption (purchased quantities) of untaxed sugar‐added foods · general population Taxation of unprocessed sugar or sugar‐added foods for reducing their consumption and preventing obesity or… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40210 participants | Very low |
'Summary of findings' table for secondary outcomes: Taxation of sugar‐added foods vs no taxation Substitution: difference in mean consumption (purchased quantities) of untaxed sugar‐added foods compared with untaxed sugar‐added foods · general population Taxation of unprocessed sugar or sugar‐added foods for reducing their consumption and preventing obesity or… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40210 participants | Very low |
'Summary of findings' table for secondary outcomes: Taxation of sugar‐added foods vs no taxation Mean expenditure on taxed sugar‐added foods · general population Taxation of unprocessed sugar or sugar‐added foods for reducing their consumption and preventing obesity or… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40210 participants | Very low |
Taxation of the fat content of foods vs no taxation Total fat consumption · general population of Denmark Taxation of the fat content of foods for reducing their consumption and preventing obesity or other adverse… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 2000 participants | Very low |
Taxation of the fat content of foods vs no taxation Total saturated fat consumption · general population of Denmark Taxation of the fat content of foods for reducing their consumption and preventing obesity or other adverse… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1293 participants | Very low |
Taxation of the fat content of foods vs no taxation Energy intake · general population of Denmark Taxation of the fat content of foods for reducing their consumption and preventing obesity or other adverse… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Taxation of the fat content of foods vs no taxation Overweight · general population of Denmark Taxation of the fat content of foods for reducing their consumption and preventing obesity or other adverse… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Taxation of the fat content of foods vs no taxation Obesity · general population of Denmark Taxation of the fat content of foods for reducing their consumption and preventing obesity or other adverse… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Taxation of the fat content of foods vs no taxation Total sales · general population of Denmark Taxation of the fat content of foods for reducing their consumption and preventing obesity or other adverse… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention vs Control Device‐measured sedentary time · community‐dwelling adults under 60 years of age Interventions outside the workplace for reducing sedentary behaviour in adults under 60 years of age (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention vs Control Self‐report TV viewing time · community‐dwelling adults under 60 years of age Interventions outside the workplace for reducing sedentary behaviour in adults under 60 years of age (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention vs Control Device‐measured MVPA · community‐dwelling adults under 60 years of age Interventions outside the workplace for reducing sedentary behaviour in adults under 60 years of age (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention vs Control Self‐report light PA · community‐dwelling adults under 60 years of age Interventions outside the workplace for reducing sedentary behaviour in adults under 60 years of age (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention vs Control Adverse events and symptoms · community‐dwelling adults under 60 years of age Interventions outside the workplace for reducing sedentary behaviour in adults under 60 years of age (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Agricultural education with post‐harvest technologies vs usual agricultural support Birth length for gestational age z‐score · pregnant and lactating women, infants, and children Agricultural and nutritional education interventions for reducing aflatoxin exposure to improve infant and… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Agricultural education with post‐harvest technologies vs usual agricultural support Birth weight for gestational age z‐score · pregnant and lactating women, infants, and children Agricultural and nutritional education interventions for reducing aflatoxin exposure to improve infant and… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Agricultural education with post‐harvest technologies vs usual agricultural support Low birth weight (less than 2500 g) · pregnant and lactating women, infants, and children Agricultural and nutritional education interventions for reducing aflatoxin exposure to improve infant and… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Agricultural education with post‐harvest technologies vs usual agricultural support Length‐ or height‐for‐age z‐score (LAZ) · pregnant and lactating women, infants, and children Agricultural and nutritional education interventions for reducing aflatoxin exposure to improve infant and… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Agricultural education with post‐harvest technologies vs usual agricultural support Stunting (LAZ ≥ 2 SD below reference median value) · pregnant and lactating women, infants, and children Agricultural and nutritional education interventions for reducing aflatoxin exposure to improve infant and… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Agricultural education with post‐harvest technologies vs usual agricultural support Weight‐for‐height z‐score (WHZ) · pregnant and lactating women, infants, and children Agricultural and nutritional education interventions for reducing aflatoxin exposure to improve infant and… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Agricultural education with post‐harvest technologies vs usual agricultural support Unintended effects of agricultural and nutritional education interventions to reduce the aflatoxin intake of infants, children, pregnant and lactating women · pregnant and lactating women, infants, and children Agricultural and nutritional education interventions for reducing aflatoxin exposure to improve infant and… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Agricultural education with post‐harvest technologies vs usual agricultural support Weight‐for‐age z‐score (WAZ) · pregnant and lactating women, infants, and children Agricultural and nutritional education interventions for reducing aflatoxin exposure to improve infant and… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 249 participants | Very low |
Agricultural education with post‐harvest technologies vs usual agricultural support Proportion of underweight children (WAZ ≥ 2 SD below reference median value) · pregnant and lactating women, infants, and children Agricultural and nutritional education interventions for reducing aflatoxin exposure to improve infant and… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 249 participants | Very low |
Videoconferencing interventions vs usual care Loneliness · older adults Video calls for reducing social isolation and loneliness in older people: a rapid review (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 201 participants | Very low |
Videoconferencing interventions vs usual care Social Isolation · older adults Video calls for reducing social isolation and loneliness in older people: a rapid review (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Videoconferencing interventions vs usual care Symptoms of depression · older adults Video calls for reducing social isolation and loneliness in older people: a rapid review (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 201 participants | Very low |
Videoconferencing interventions vs usual care Quality of life · older adults Video calls for reducing social isolation and loneliness in older people: a rapid review (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 62 participants | Very low |
Dietary interventions vs control Body‐mass index z score (zBMI) · children aged 0‐5 years Interventions for preventing obesity in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 520 participants | Moderate |
Adverse event outcomes for dietary combined with physical activity interventions vs control Accidents · children aged 0 to 5 years Interventions for preventing obesity in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 42 participants | Very low |
Dietary interventions vs control Body‐mass index z score (zBMI) · children aged 6‐12 years Interventions for preventing obesity in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 7231 participants | High |
Dietary interventions vs control Body‐mass index (BMI) · children aged 6‐12 years Interventions for preventing obesity in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 5061 participants | High |
Physical activity interventions vs control Body‐mass index z score (zBMI) · children aged 6‐12 years Interventions for preventing obesity in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 6841 participants | Moderate |
Physical activity interventions vs control Body‐mass index (BMI) · children aged 6‐12 years Interventions for preventing obesity in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 14 studies · 16410 participants | Moderate |
Adverse event outcomes for physical activity interventions vs no intervention Physical injuries · children aged 6‐12 years Interventions for preventing obesity in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 912 participants | Low |
Adverse event outcomes for physical activity interventions vs no intervention Underweight · children aged 6‐12 years Interventions for preventing obesity in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 5266 participants | High |
Adverse event outcomes for physical activity interventions vs no intervention Depression · children aged 6‐12 years Interventions for preventing obesity in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 225 participants | Low |
Adverse event outcomes for physical activity interventions vs no intervention Body satisfaction · children aged 6‐12 years Interventions for preventing obesity in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 225 participants | Low |
Adverse event outcomes for physical activity interventions vs no intervention Increased weight concerns · children aged 6‐12 years Interventions for preventing obesity in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 225 participants | Low |
Physical activity interventions vs control Body‐mass index (BMI) · children aged 0‐5 years Interventions for preventing obesity in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 2233 participants | High |
Diet and physical activity interventions combined vs control Body‐mass index z score (zBMI) · children aged 6‐12 years Interventions for preventing obesity in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 20 studies · 24043 participants | Low |
Diet and physical activity interventions combined vs control Body‐mass index (BMI) · children aged 6‐12 years Interventions for preventing obesity in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 25 studies · 19498 participants | Low |
Adverse event outcomes for dietary combined with physical activity interventions vs no intervention or usual care Underweight · children aged 6 to 12 years Interventions for preventing obesity in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 784 participants | Moderate |
Adverse event outcomes for dietary combined with physical activity interventions vs no intervention or usual care Depression · children aged 6 to 12 years Interventions for preventing obesity in children (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 225 participants | Low |