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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Cervical pessary vs no treatment Neonatal/paediatric care unit admission · women with singleton pregnancies at risk of cervical insufficiency Cervical pessary for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancies (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.58, 1.59] | 3 studies · 1332 participants | Low |
Cervical pessary vs no treatment Fetal/infant mortality · women with singleton pregnancies at risk of cervical insufficiency Cervical pessary for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancies (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.58, 1.48] | 5 studies · 1830 participants | Low |
Cervical pessary vs no treatment Harm to offspring from the intervention · women with singleton pregnancies at risk of cervical insufficiency Cervical pessary for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancies (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cervical pessary vs no treatment Birthweight · women with singleton pregnancies at risk of cervical insufficiency Cervical pessary for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancies (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cervical pessary vs vaginal progesterone Delivery before 34 weeks' gestation · women with singleton pregnancies at risk of cervical insufficiency Cervical pessary for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancies (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.72 [0.52, 1.02] | 3 studies · 1126 participants | Moderate |
Cervical pessary vs vaginal progesterone Delivery before 37 weeks' gestation · women with singleton pregnancies at risk of cervical insufficiency Cervical pessary for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancies (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.73, 1.09] | 3 studies · 1126 participants | Moderate |
Hands and knees posture vs other postures Operative birth (composite outcome defined as caesarean section, instrumental vaginal birth) · fetal malposition in labour Maternal postures for fetal malposition in labour for improving the health of mothers and their infants (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.14 [0.87, 1.5] | 3 studies · 721 participants | Low |
Hands and knees posture vs other postures Apgar scores < 7 at 5 minutes · fetal malposition in labour Maternal postures for fetal malposition in labour for improving the health of mothers and their infants (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.21, 2.34] | 2 studies · 586 participants | Very low |
Hands and knees posture vs other postures Admission to neonatal intensive care · fetal malposition in labour Maternal postures for fetal malposition in labour for improving the health of mothers and their infants (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Hands and knees posture vs other postures Neonatal encephalopathy (as defined by trialists) · fetal malposition in labour Maternal postures for fetal malposition in labour for improving the health of mothers and their infants (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Hands and knees posture vs other postures Need for respiratory support · fetal malposition in labour Maternal postures for fetal malposition in labour for improving the health of mothers and their infants (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Hands and knees posture vs other postures Neonatal jaundice requiring phototherapy · fetal malposition in labour Maternal postures for fetal malposition in labour for improving the health of mothers and their infants (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Lateral postures vs other postures Operative birth (composite outcome defined as caesarean section, instrumental vaginal birth) · fetal malposition in labour Maternal postures for fetal malposition in labour for improving the health of mothers and their infants (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.72 [0.43, 1.19] | 4 studies · 871 participants | Low |
Lateral postures vs other postures Epidural use · fetal malposition in labour Maternal postures for fetal malposition in labour for improving the health of mothers and their infants (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Lateral postures vs other postures Caesarean section · fetal malposition in labour Maternal postures for fetal malposition in labour for improving the health of mothers and their infants (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.44, 1.39] | 4 studies · 871 participants | Low |
Lateral postures vs other postures Instrumental vaginal birth · fetal malposition in labour Maternal postures for fetal malposition in labour for improving the health of mothers and their infants (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.39, 1.36] | 4 studies · 871 participants | Low |
Lateral postures vs other postures Severe perineal tears (3rd degree or higher, as defined by trialists) · fetal malposition in labour Maternal postures for fetal malposition in labour for improving the health of mothers and their infants (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.66 [0.17, 2.48] | 3 studies · 609 participants | Very low |
Hands and knees posture vs other postures Epidural use · fetal malposition in labour Maternal postures for fetal malposition in labour for improving the health of mothers and their infants (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.74 [0.41, 1.31] | 2 studies · 282 participants | Very low |
Lateral postures vs other postures Postpartum haemorrhage (as defined by trialists) · fetal malposition in labour Maternal postures for fetal malposition in labour for improving the health of mothers and their infants (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.48, 1.7] | 1 study · 322 participants | Very low |
Lateral postures vs other postures Maternal satisfaction (as defined by trialists using standardised tools available) · fetal malposition in labour Maternal postures for fetal malposition in labour for improving the health of mothers and their infants (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.84, 1.09] | 2 studies · 451 participants | Low |
Lateral postures vs other postures Serious neonatal morbidity (composite outcome defined as death, admission to neonatal intensive care, neonatal encephalopathy, or as defined by trialists) · fetal malposition in labour Maternal postures for fetal malposition in labour for improving the health of mothers and their infants (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.41 [0.64, 3.12] | 3 studies · 752 participants | Very low |
Lateral postures vs other postures Death (stillbirth or death of liveborn infant) · fetal malposition in labour Maternal postures for fetal malposition in labour for improving the health of mothers and their infants (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 210 participants | Very low |
Lateral postures vs other postures Apgar scores less than seven at five minutes · fetal malposition in labour Maternal postures for fetal malposition in labour for improving the health of mothers and their infants (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.25 [0.03, 2.24] | 1 study · 322 participants | Very low |
Lateral postures vs other postures Admission to neonatal intensive care · fetal malposition in labour Maternal postures for fetal malposition in labour for improving the health of mothers and their infants (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.41 [0.64, 3.12] | 2 studies · 542 participants | Very low |
Lateral postures vs other postures Neonatal encephalopathy (as defined by trialists · fetal malposition in labour Maternal postures for fetal malposition in labour for improving the health of mothers and their infants (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lateral postures vs other postures Need for respiratory support · fetal malposition in labour Maternal postures for fetal malposition in labour for improving the health of mothers and their infants (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lateral postures vs other postures Neonatal jaundice requiring phototherapy · fetal malposition in labour Maternal postures for fetal malposition in labour for improving the health of mothers and their infants (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Hands and knees posture vs other postures Caesarean section · fetal malposition in labour Maternal postures for fetal malposition in labour for improving the health of mothers and their infants (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.34 [0.96, 1.87] | 3 studies · 721 participants | Low |
Hands and knees posture vs other postures Instrumental vaginal birth · fetal malposition in labour Maternal postures for fetal malposition in labour for improving the health of mothers and their infants (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.57, 1.9] | 3 studies · 721 participants | Very low |
Hands and knees posture vs other postures Severe perineal tears (3rd degree or higher, as defined by trialists) · fetal malposition in labour Maternal postures for fetal malposition in labour for improving the health of mothers and their infants (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.03, 22.3] | 2 studies · 586 participants | Very low |
Hands and knees posture vs other postures Postpartum haemorrhage (as defined by trialists) · fetal malposition in labour Maternal postures for fetal malposition in labour for improving the health of mothers and their infants (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Hands and knees posture vs other postures Maternal satisfaction (as defined by trialists using standardised tools available) · fetal malposition in labour Maternal postures for fetal malposition in labour for improving the health of mothers and their infants (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.68, 1.54] | 3 studies · 350 participants | Very low |
Hands and knees posture vs other postures Serious neonatal morbidity (composite outcome defined as death, admission to neonatal intensive care, neonatal encephalopathy, or as defined by trialists) · fetal malposition in labour Maternal postures for fetal malposition in labour for improving the health of mothers and their infants (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Hands and knees posture vs other postures Death (stillbirth or death of liveborn infant) · fetal malposition in labour Maternal postures for fetal malposition in labour for improving the health of mothers and their infants (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Zinc supplementation vs no zinc (with or without placebo) Preterm birth (< 37 weeks) · Pregnant women (healthy and probable zinc deficiency) Zinc supplementation for improving pregnancy and infant outcome (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.74, 1.03] | 21 studies · 9851 participants | Low |
Zinc supplementation vs no zinc (with or without placebo) Stillbirth · Pregnant women (healthy and probable zinc deficiency) Zinc supplementation for improving pregnancy and infant outcome (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.22 [0.8, 1.88] | 7 studies · 3295 participants | Low |
Zinc supplementation vs no zinc (with or without placebo) Neonatal death · Pregnant women (healthy and probable zinc deficiency) Zinc supplementation for improving pregnancy and infant outcome (2021) · Cochrane | RR 2.44 [0.4, 14.83] | 3 studies · 1965 participants | Very low |
Zinc supplementation vs no zinc (with or without placebo) Perinatal death · Pregnant women (healthy and probable zinc deficiency) Zinc supplementation for improving pregnancy and infant outcome (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.1 [0.81, 1.51] | 2 studies · 2489 participants | Low |
Zinc supplementation vs no zinc (with or without placebo) Birthweight · Pregnant women (healthy and probable zinc deficiency) Zinc supplementation for improving pregnancy and infant outcome (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 22 studies · 7977 participants | Low |
Zinc supplementation vs no zinc (with or without placebo) Small‐for‐gestational age or IUGR · Pregnant women (healthy and probable zinc deficiency) Zinc supplementation for improving pregnancy and infant outcome (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.92, 1.12] | 9 studies · 5330 participants | Moderate |
Zinc supplementation vs no zinc (with or without placebo) Low Birthweight (< 2500 g) · Pregnant women (healthy and probable zinc deficiency) Zinc supplementation for improving pregnancy and infant outcome (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.79, 1.13] | 17 studies · 7399 participants | Moderate |
Saline solution vs expectant management Manual removal of the placenta · management of retained placenta Umbilical vein injection for management of retained placenta (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.8, 1.1] | 5 studies · 445 participants | Moderate |
Oxytocin solution vs expectant management Severe PPH (≥ 1000 mL) · management of retained placenta Umbilical vein injection for management of retained placenta (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.23 [0.41, 3.74] | 2 studies · 190 participants | Very low |
Oxytocin solution vs expectant management Blood transfusion · management of retained placenta Umbilical vein injection for management of retained placenta (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.47, 1.38] | 4 studies · 339 participants | Low |
Oxytocin solution vs expectant management Addition of therapeutic uterotonics · management of retained placenta Umbilical vein injection for management of retained placenta (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.5 [0.28, 0.88] | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Oxytocin solution vs expectant management Need for treatment with antibiotics (infection) · management of retained placenta Umbilical vein injection for management of retained placenta (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.16 [0.32, 4.16] | 1 study · 179 participants | Very low |
Oxytocin solution vs expectant management Postpartum anaemia (haemoglobin 24–48 hours postpartum, g%) · management of retained placenta Umbilical vein injection for management of retained placenta (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 166 participants | Very low |
Oxytocin solution vs saline solution Manual removal of the placenta · management of retained placenta Umbilical vein injection for management of retained placenta (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.69, 0.97] | 14 studies · 1370 participants | Low |
Oxytocin solution vs saline solution Maternal mortality · management of retained placenta Umbilical vein injection for management of retained placenta (2021) · Cochrane | RR 2.93 [0.12, 71.59] | 5 studies · 782 participants | Low |
Oxytocin solution vs saline solution Severe PPH (≥ 1000 mL) · management of retained placenta Umbilical vein injection for management of retained placenta (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.7, 1.68] | 4 studies · 766 participants | Moderate |