Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,105 questions in 84 reviews · Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders
current versionsNo studies 434 · 39.3%Ungraded 32 · 2.9%Very low 246 · 22.3%Low 237 · 21.4%Moderate 132 · 11.9%High 24 · 2.2%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Summary of findings of metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: metformin vs sulphonylureas Serious adverse events (SAE) Metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 3081 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs another pharmacological glucose‐lowering monotherapy All‐cause mortality · people at increased risk of developing T2DM Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs another pharmacological glucose‐lowering monotherapy Metformin · people at increased risk of developing T2DM Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 201 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs another pharmacological glucose‐lowering monotherapy Acarbose · people at increased risk of developing T2DM Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 96 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs another pharmacological glucose‐lowering monotherapy Repaglinide · people at increased risk of developing T2DM Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 103 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs another pharmacological glucose‐lowering monotherapy Cardiovascular mortality · people at increased risk of developing T2DM Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs another pharmacological glucose‐lowering monotherapy Socioeconomic effects · people at increased risk of developing T2DM Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs intensive behaviour‐changing intervention All‐cause mortality · people at increased risk for developing T2DM Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs intensive behaviour‐changing intervention Incidence of T2DM (N) · people at increased risk for developing T2DM Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 96 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs intensive behaviour‐changing intervention Serious adverse events (N) · people at increased risk for developing T2DM Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 103 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs intensive behaviour‐changing intervention Cardiovascular mortality · people at increased risk for developing T2DM Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs intensive behaviour‐changing intervention Non‐fatal myocardial infarction/stroke · people at increased risk for developing T2DM Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs another pharmacological glucose‐lowering monotherapy Metformin · people at increased risk of developing T2DM Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs intensive behaviour‐changing intervention Health‐related quality of life · people at increased risk for developing T2DM Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs intensive behaviour‐changing intervention Socioeconomic effects · people at increased risk for developing T2DM Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs placebo All‐cause mortality (N) · people at increased risk for developing T2DM Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane | 2.38 [0.54, 10.5] | 4 studies · 1156 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs placebo Incidence of T2DM (N) Diagnostic criteria: 3 studies applied the WHO 1999 criteria for 'prediabetes' (FPG > 6.1 mmol/L and < 7.0 mmol/L and/or a 2‐h glucose < 11.1 mmol/L after a 75 g OGTT; Attallah 2007; IDPP‐2; Xu 2011) · people at increased risk for developing T2DM Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.4 [0.17, 0.95] | 6 studies · 1395 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs placebo Serious adverse events (N) · people at increased risk for developing T2DM Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane | 3 [0.32, 28.22] | 2 studies · 187 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs placebo Cardiovascular mortality (N) · people at increased risk for developing T2DM Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 5.14 [0.25, 106.28] | 4 studies · 1156 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs placebo Non‐fatal myocardial infarction/stroke (N) · people at increased risk for developing T2DM Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.97 [0.18, 21.65] | 3 studies · 789 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs placebo Health‐related quality of life · people at increased risk for developing T2DM Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs placebo Socioeconomic effects · people at increased risk for developing T2DM Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs no intervention All‐cause mortality (N) · people at increased risk of developing T2DM Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.38, 1.91] | 3 studies · 866 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs another pharmacological glucose‐lowering monotherapy Acarbose · people at increased risk of developing T2DM Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs no intervention Incidence of T2DM (N) Diagnostic criteria: 9 studies applied the WHO 1999 criteria for 'prediabetes' (FPG > 6.1 mmol/L and < 7.0 mmol/L and/or a 2‐h glucose < 11.1 mmol/L after a 75 g OGTT; Che 2014; Chen 2007a; Gao 2011; Ke 2006; Liang 2004; Xiu ... · people at increased risk of developing T2DM Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.31 [0.23, 0.4] | 16 studies · 2053 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs no intervention Serious adverse events (N) · people at increased risk of developing T2DM Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.38, 1.32] | 7 studies · 1211 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs no intervention Cardiovascular mortality · people at increased risk of developing T2DM Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs no intervention Non‐fatal myocardial infarction/stroke · people at increased risk of developing T2DM Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs no intervention Health‐related quality of life · people at increased risk of developing T2DM Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs no intervention Socioeconomic effects · people at increased risk of developing T2DM Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs another pharmacological glucose‐lowering monotherapy Repaglinide · people at increased risk of developing T2DM Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs another pharmacological glucose‐lowering monotherapy Incidence of T2DM (N) · people at increased risk of developing T2DM Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs another pharmacological glucose‐lowering monotherapy Metformin Diagnostic criteria: 2 studies applied the WHO 1999 criteria for 'prediabetes' (FPG > 6.1 mmol/L and < 7.0 mmol/L and/or a 2‐h glucose < 11.1 mmol/L after a 75 g OGTT; Chen 2007a; Zeng 2013) · people at increased risk of developing T2DM Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.4, 2.38] | 3 studies · 331 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs another pharmacological glucose‐lowering monotherapy Acarbose Diagnostic criteria: 1 study applied the WHO 1999 criteria for prediabetes (FPG > 6.1 mmol/L and < 7.0 mmol/L and/or a 2‐h glucose < 11.1 mmol/L after a 75 g OGTT; Chen 2007a) · people at increased risk of developing T2DM Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 96 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs another pharmacological glucose‐lowering monotherapy Repaglinide Diagnostic criteria: 1 study applied the ADA 2010 criteria (FPG ≥ 5.6 mmol/L and < 6.9 mmol/L and 2‐h glucose ≥ 7.8 mmol/L or < 11.0 mmol/L after a 75 g OGTT; Zhang 2007) · people at increased risk of developing T2DM Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 96 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs another pharmacological glucose‐lowering monotherapy Serious adverse events (N) · people at increased risk of developing T2DM Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table for metformin vs diet and exercise or another antidiabetic drug All‐cause mortality (N) · people at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes Metformin for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in persons at… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table for metformin vs diet and exercise or another antidiabetic drug Thiazolidinediones Diagnostic criteria: 2 trials applied the WHO 1999 criteria (FPG ≥ 7.0 mmol/L and/or a 2‐hour glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L after a 75 g OGTT) (Jin 2009; Zeng 2013). No medical association recommended the cut‐off points applied in Maji ... · people at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes Metformin for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in persons at… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.41, 2.4] | 3 studies · 320 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table for metformin vs diet and exercise or another antidiabetic drug Intensive diet plus exercises · people at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes Metformin for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in persons at… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 139 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table for metformin vs diet and exercise or another antidiabetic drug Acarbose · people at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes Metformin for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in persons at… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 101 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table for metformin vs diet and exercise or another antidiabetic drug Thiazolidinediones · people at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes Metformin for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in persons at… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 86 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table for metformin vs diet and exercise or another antidiabetic drug Cardiovascular mortality · people at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes Metformin for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in persons at… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table for metformin vs diet and exercise or another antidiabetic drug Placebo or diet and exercise · people at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes Metformin for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in persons at… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 2416 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table for metformin vs diet and exercise or another antidiabetic drug Intensive diet plus exercise · people at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes Metformin for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in persons at… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 2400 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table for metformin vs diet and exercise or another antidiabetic drug Acarbose · people at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes Metformin for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in persons at… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table for metformin vs diet and exercise or another antidiabetic drug Placebo or diet and exercise Description: SF‐36 to evaluate the health utility index SF‐6D (physical component summaries and mental component summaries) Minimal important difference: difference in scores between groups of at least 3% · people at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes Metformin for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in persons at… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 2144 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table for metformin vs diet and exercise or another antidiabetic drug Intensive diet plus exercise · people at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes Metformin for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in persons at… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table for metformin vs diet and exercise or another antidiabetic drug Placebo or diet and exercise · people at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes Metformin for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in persons at… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.41, 3.01] | 5 studies · 2833 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table for metformin vs diet and exercise or another antidiabetic drug Socioeconomic effects · people at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes Metformin for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in persons at… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table for metformin vs diet and exercise or another antidiabetic drug Placebo or diet and exercise Description: direct medical costs · people at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes Metformin for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in persons at… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 2416 participants | Low |