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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

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Intervention or exposure

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Review versions

729 questions in 45 reviews · Consumers and Communication

current versions

No studies 188 · 25.8%Ungraded 93 · 12.8%Very low 155 · 21.3%Low 189 · 25.9%Moderate 90 · 12.3%High 14 · 1.9%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
Intervention NR Any anxiety STAI‐S (Blanchard 1996). POMS Anxiety subscale (Bultz 2000; Campbell 2007). HADS‐A (Nicolaisen 2018; Robertson 2016). Additional study (reported in comments section): SCL‐90‐R Anxiety subscale (Heinrich 1985). Higher scores indicate hi... · informal caregivers of people affected by cancer Psychosocial interventions for informal caregivers of people living with cancer (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	5 studies · 329 participants	Low
Intervention NR Any anxiety STAI‐S (Blanchard 1996). POMS Anxiety subscale (Bultz 2000). HADS‐A (Nicolaisen 2018; Robertson 2016). Higher scores indicate higher levels of anxiety. · informal caregivers of people affected by cancer Psychosocial interventions for informal caregivers of people living with cancer (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	4 studies · 272 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Caregiver satisfaction with interventions · informal caregivers of people affected by cancer Psychosocial interventions for informal caregivers of people living with cancer (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Caregiver physical health status Studies (reported in comments section): Multilevel Assessment Instrument Total Score (Budin 2008).*** SF12 Physcial Component Summary Score (Northouse 2007). Higher scores indicate higher levels of physical health ... · informal caregivers of people affected by cancer Psychosocial interventions for informal caregivers of people living with cancer (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Telephone support intervention vs Usual care Quality of Life End of intervention · Informal caregivers of adults with diagnosed illnesses Telephone interventions, delivered by healthcare professionals, for providing education and psychosocial… (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	4 studies · 364 participants	Moderate
Telephone support vs non‐telephone support intervention Adverse events including suicide and suicide ideation · Informal caregivers of adults with diagnosed illnesses Telephone interventions, delivered by healthcare professionals, for providing education and psychosocial… (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Telephone support intervention vs Usual care Burden End of intervention · Informal caregivers of adults with diagnosed illnesses Telephone interventions, delivered by healthcare professionals, for providing education and psychosocial… (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	9 studies · 788 participants	Low
Telephone support intervention vs Usual care Psychological health: Depression End of intervention · Informal caregivers of adults with diagnosed illnesses Telephone interventions, delivered by healthcare professionals, for providing education and psychosocial… (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	9 studies · 792 participants	Very low
Telephone support intervention vs Usual care Satisfaction with the intervention End of intervention · Informal caregivers of adults with diagnosed illnesses Telephone interventions, delivered by healthcare professionals, for providing education and psychosocial… (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Telephone support intervention vs Usual care Adverse events including suicide and suicide ideation · Informal caregivers of adults with diagnosed illnesses Telephone interventions, delivered by healthcare professionals, for providing education and psychosocial… (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Telephone support vs non‐telephone support intervention Quality of Life · Informal caregivers of adults with diagnosed illnesses Telephone interventions, delivered by healthcare professionals, for providing education and psychosocial… (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Telephone support vs non‐telephone support intervention Burden End of intervention · Informal caregivers of adults with diagnosed illnesses Telephone interventions, delivered by healthcare professionals, for providing education and psychosocial… (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 11 participants	Very low
Telephone support vs non‐telephone support intervention Psychological health: Depression: End of intervention · Informal caregivers of adults with diagnosed illnesses Telephone interventions, delivered by healthcare professionals, for providing education and psychosocial… (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 11 participants	Very low
Telephone support vs non‐telephone support intervention Satisfaction with the intervention · Informal caregivers of adults with diagnosed illnesses Telephone interventions, delivered by healthcare professionals, for providing education and psychosocial… (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Interventions for involving older patients with multi‐morbidity in decision‐making about their health care vs usual care Patient involvement in decision‐making (primary outcome) Not measured · older patients with multi‐morbidity Interventions for involving older patients with multi‐morbidity in decision‐making during primary care… (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Interventions for involving patients in decision‐making about their health care vs attention‐control conditions Patient involvement in decision‐making (primary outcome) Not measured · older patients with multi‐morbidity Interventions for involving older patients with multi‐morbidity in decision‐making during primary care… (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Interventions for involving patients in decision‐making about their health care vs attention‐control conditions Health status Patient‐reported high self‐rated health at 6 months after baseline. Hochhalter used CDC Healthy Days Measure (CDC 2000); Reed used a similar 5‐point Likert scale developed by the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; e... · older patients with multi‐morbidity Interventions for involving older patients with multi‐morbidity in decision‐making during primary care… (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 297 participants	Very low
Interventions for involving patients in decision‐making about their health care vs attention‐control conditions Patient enablement and engagement (a) Patient activation at 6 months after baseline. Patient Activation Measure score (13‐item assessment of knowledge and confidence related to participation in care. Responses on a 4‐point scale are summed and con... · older patients with multi‐morbidity Interventions for involving older patients with multi‐morbidity in decision‐making during primary care… (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 43 participants	Very low
Interventions for involving patients in decision‐making about their health care vs attention‐control conditions Patient enablement and engagement (b) Self‐efficacy at 6 months after baseline (self‐efficacy for managing chronic disease scale assessed from scores on 6 items rated 1 ‘not at all confident’ to 10 ‘totally confident’) (Stanford 2018) Higher score... · older patients with multi‐morbidity Interventions for involving older patients with multi‐morbidity in decision‐making during primary care… (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 254 participants	Very low
Interventions for involving patients in decision‐making about their health care vs attention‐control conditions Patient evaluation of care/the intervention Patient reports that the intervention changed management of his or her health at 6 months after baseline (3‐point scale: dichotomised into 'a great deal' vs 'somewhat' + 'not at all') (Stanford 2018) Hig... · older patients with multi‐morbidity Interventions for involving older patients with multi‐morbidity in decision‐making during primary care… (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.82 [1.35, 2.44]	1 study · 231 participants	Low
Interventions for involving patients in decision‐making about their health care vs attention‐control conditions Practitioners' knowledge and skills Not measured · older patients with multi‐morbidity Interventions for involving older patients with multi‐morbidity in decision‐making during primary care… (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Interventions for involving patients in decision‐making about their health care vs attention‐control conditions Resource use and cost Number of general practice visits in the 6 months following baseline (patient self‐report via questionnaire) · older patients with multi‐morbidity Interventions for involving older patients with multi‐morbidity in decision‐making during primary care… (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 254 participants	Very low
Interventions for involving patients in decision‐making about their health care vs attention‐control conditions Adverse event** Less patient involvement as a result of the intervention Not measured · older patients with multi‐morbidity Interventions for involving older patients with multi‐morbidity in decision‐making during primary care… (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Interventions for involving older patients with multi‐morbidity in decision‐making about their health care vs usual care Health status (a) Patient‐reported high self‐rated health at 6 months after baseline CDC Healthy Days Measure (CDC 2000): dichotomised as low (1 to 3) and high (4 to 5) · older patients with multi‐morbidity Interventions for involving older patients with multi‐morbidity in decision‐making during primary care… (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.4 [0.36, 5.49]	1 study · 41 participants	Very low
Interventions for involving older patients with multi‐morbidity in decision‐making about their health care vs usual care Health status (b) Health‐related quality of life at 15 months after baseline EQ‐5D‐5L score (5 questions about mobility, self‐care, usual activities, pain and discomfort, anxiety and depression, each measured on a 5‐point scale from no problems to... · older patients with multi‐morbidity Interventions for involving older patients with multi‐morbidity in decision‐making during primary care… (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 1546 participants	Moderate
Interventions for involving older patients with multi‐morbidity in decision‐making about their health care vs usual care Patient enablement and engagement (a) Patient Activation Measure score at 6 months after baseline (13‐item assessment of knowledge and confidence related to participation in care. Responses on a 4‐point scale are summed and converted to an ‘Activa... · older patients with multi‐morbidity Interventions for involving older patients with multi‐morbidity in decision‐making during primary care… (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 41 participants	Very low
Interventions for involving older patients with multi‐morbidity in decision‐making about their health care vs usual care Patient enablement and engagement (b) Morisky Medication Adherence Scale at 15 months after baseline (8‐item yes‐no survey. Range of scores from 0 to 8. Lower scores suggest non‐adherence) (Morisky 2008) · older patients with multi‐morbidity Interventions for involving older patients with multi‐morbidity in decision‐making during primary care… (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 1546 participants	Moderate
Interventions for involving older patients with multi‐morbidity in decision‐making about their health care vs usual care Patient evaluation of care/the intervention Care related to patient priorities at 15 months after baseline (single question adapted from the NHS General Practice Patient Survey (Ipsos MORI 2015); 5‐point scale dichotomised by patient reports of di... · older patients with multi‐morbidity Interventions for involving older patients with multi‐morbidity in decision‐making during primary care… (2019) · Cochrane	OR 1.85 [1.44, 2.38]	1 study · 1211 participants	Moderate
Interventions for involving older patients with multi‐morbidity in decision‐making about their health care vs usual care Practitioners' knowledge and skills Not measured · older patients with multi‐morbidity Interventions for involving older patients with multi‐morbidity in decision‐making during primary care… (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Interventions for involving older patients with multi‐morbidity in decision‐making about their health care vs usual care Resource use and cost Number of nurse consultations at 15 months after baseline (extracted from patients’ routine electronic medical records) · older patients with multi‐morbidity Interventions for involving older patients with multi‐morbidity in decision‐making during primary care… (2019) · Cochrane	Rate ratio 1.37 [1.17, 1.61]	1 study · 1517 participants	Moderate
Interventions for involving older patients with multi‐morbidity in decision‐making about their health care vs usual care Adverse events** Less patient involvement Not measured · older patients with multi‐morbidity Interventions for involving older patients with multi‐morbidity in decision‐making during primary care… (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Vaccination status Final time point (3, 6, or 12 months post‐intervention) · parents of preschool‐aged children or expectant parents Face‐to‐face interventions for informing or educating parents about early childhood vaccination (2018) · Cochrane	RR 1.2 [1.04, 1.37]	7 studies · 3004 participants	Low
Intervention NR Knowledge or understanding (Different measures used by the studies: knowledge of vaccine‐preventable diseases, vaccines, contraindications to vaccination, or a combination, on varying scales) Final time point (3 or 6 months post‐intervention) · parents of preschool‐aged children or expectant parents Face‐to‐face interventions for informing or educating parents about early childhood vaccination (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	4 studies · 657 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Attitudes or beliefs (Different measures used by the studies: perceived severity of vaccine‐preventable diseases, perceived necessity of vaccines, or a combination, on varying scales) Final time point (3 or 6 months post‐intervention) · parents of preschool‐aged children or expectant parents Face‐to‐face interventions for informing or educating parents about early childhood vaccination (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	3 studies · 292 participants	Low
Intervention NR Intention to vaccinate 1 to 7 (1 = definitely do not intend to vaccinate; 7 = definitely do intend to vaccinate) · parents of preschool‐aged children or expectant parents Face‐to‐face interventions for informing or educating parents about early childhood vaccination (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 179 participants	Low
Intervention NR Adverse effects (anxiety associated with intervention) · parents of preschool‐aged children or expectant parents Face‐to‐face interventions for informing or educating parents about early childhood vaccination (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 90 participants	Low
Intervention NR Parent experience of the intervention · parents of preschool‐aged children or expectant parents Face‐to‐face interventions for informing or educating parents about early childhood vaccination (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Cost (personnel, supplies, travel, office space, and orientation costs of intervention) · parents of preschool‐aged children or expectant parents Face‐to‐face interventions for informing or educating parents about early childhood vaccination (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 36510 participants	Low
Information or education intervention vs no information or education intervention Severity of anxiety in patients HADS‐A (1 week after hospital discharge); scale from 0 to 20 CINT (admission to regular ward); scale from 0 to 100 BSRS (in ICU, time point not specified); scale from 0 to 20 Lower scores in all scales indicate less... · adult ICU patients and their carers Information or education interventions for adult intensive care unit (ICU) patients and their carers (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	3 studies · 332 participants	Very low
Information or education intervention as part of a complex intervention vs complex intervention without information or education Knowledge acquisition (patients and carers) · adult ICU patients and their carers Information or education interventions for adult intensive care unit (ICU) patients and their carers (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 175 participants	Very low
Information or education intervention as part of a complex intervention vs complex intervention without information or education Severity of PTSD in patients treated in ICUs · adult ICU patients and their carers Information or education interventions for adult intensive care unit (ICU) patients and their carers (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Information or education intervention as part of a complex intervention vs complex intervention without information or education Patient or carer satisfaction with information provided CCFNI (between day 3 and day 5); scale from 14 to 56 Lower scores indicate increased satisfaction. FS‐ICU 24 (90 days after randomisation); scale from 0 to 100 Lower scores indicate less sati... · adult ICU patients and their carers Information or education interventions for adult intensive care unit (ICU) patients and their carers (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 487 participants	Very low
Information or education intervention as part of a complex intervention vs complex intervention without information or education Health‐related quality of life · adult ICU patients and their carers Information or education interventions for adult intensive care unit (ICU) patients and their carers (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Information or education intervention as part of a complex intervention vs complex intervention without information or education Adverse effects · adult ICU patients and their carers Information or education interventions for adult intensive care unit (ICU) patients and their carers (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 59 participants	Very low
Information or education intervention vs no information or education intervention Severity of depression in patients HADS‐D (1 week after hospital discharge); scale from 0 to 20 BSRS (in ICU, time point not specified); scale from 0 to 20 Lower scores in both scales indicate less depression. · adult ICU patients and their carers Information or education interventions for adult intensive care unit (ICU) patients and their carers (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 160 participants	Very low
Information or education intervention vs no information or education intervention Knowledge acquisition (patients and carers) · adult ICU patients and their carers Information or education interventions for adult intensive care unit (ICU) patients and their carers (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Information or education intervention vs no information or education intervention Severity of PTSD in patients treated in ICUs · adult ICU patients and their carers Information or education interventions for adult intensive care unit (ICU) patients and their carers (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Information or education intervention vs no information or education intervention Patient or carer satisfaction with information provided (e.g. self reported) · adult ICU patients and their carers Information or education interventions for adult intensive care unit (ICU) patients and their carers (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Information or education intervention vs no information or education intervention Health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) SF‐12 MCS (3 months after ICU discharge); scale from 0 to 100 Lower scores indicate reduced HRQoL. · adult ICU patients and their carers Information or education interventions for adult intensive care unit (ICU) patients and their carers (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 143 participants	Very low
Information or education intervention vs no information or education intervention Adverse effects · adult ICU patients and their carers Information or education interventions for adult intensive care unit (ICU) patients and their carers (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies