Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

2,908 questions · 3,101 findings · 509 reviews

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No studies found 571 · 18.4%GRADE not reported 358 · 11.5%Very low 723 · 23.3%Low 854 · 27.5%Moderate 489 · 15.8%High 106 · 3.4%

Group 1 Pulmonary arterial hypertension ‐ PDE5i vs placebo

PVR · pulmonary arterial hypertension

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 266 participants
High

Group 1 Pulmonary arterial hypertension ‐ PDE5i vs placebo, on combination therapy

Improvement in WHO functional class · pulmonary arterial hypertension

Group 1 Pulmonary arterial hypertension ‐ PDE5i showed no clear difference in improvement in WHO functional class compared with placebo, on combination therapy (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.2 [0.66, 2.17]
2 studies · 227 participants
Moderate

Mixed Pulmonary hypertension group 2 ‐ 4 ‐ PDE5i vs placebo

Improvement in WHO functional class · people with pulmonary hypertension group 2 ‐ 4

Mixed Pulmonary hypertension group 2 ‐ 4 ‐ PDE5i probably leads to higher improvement in WHO functional class compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 11.31 [4.9, 26.14]
2 studies · 146 participants
Moderate

Mixed Pulmonary hypertension group 2 ‐ 4 ‐ PDE5i vs placebo

Six‐minute walk distance · people with pulmonary hypertension group 2 ‐ 4

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 106 participants
Moderate

Mixed Pulmonary hypertension group 2 ‐ 4 ‐ PDE5i vs placebo

All‐cause mortality · people with pulmonary hypertension group 2 ‐ 4

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Mixed Pulmonary hypertension group 2 ‐ 4 ‐ PDE5i vs placebo

Quality of life · people with pulmonary hypertension group 2 ‐ 4

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Mixed Pulmonary hypertension group 2 ‐ 4 ‐ PDE5i vs placebo

PASP · people with pulmonary hypertension group 2 ‐ 4

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 146 participants
Moderate

TENS vs sham TENS

Pain (at short‐term · patients with chronic neck pain (pain for more than 90 days)

2 findings from 1 review

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for chronic neck pain 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 38 participants
Very low
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for chronic neck pain 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.57 [0.84, 2.92]
1 study · 30 participants
Very low

TENS vs sham TENS

Disability ‐ not reported · patients with chronic neck pain (pain for more than 90 days)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for chronic neck pain 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

TENS vs sham TENS

Adverse events ‐ not reported · patients with chronic neck pain (pain for more than 90 days)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for chronic neck pain 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

First‐line angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor vs placebo

Total mortality · adults with primary hypertension

First‐line angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor probably leads to lower total mortality compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

First‐line drugs for hypertension 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.83 [0.72, 0.95]
3 studies · 6002 participants
Moderate

First‐line angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor vs placebo

Stroke · adults with primary hypertension

First‐line angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor may leads to lower total stroke compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

First‐line drugs for hypertension 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.65 [0.52, 0.82]
3 studies · 6002 participants
Low

First‐line angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor vs placebo

Total coronary heart disease · adults with primary hypertension

First‐line angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor probably leads to lower total coronary heart disease compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

First‐line drugs for hypertension 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.81 [0.7, 0.94]
2 studies · 5145 participants
Moderate

First‐line angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor vs placebo

Cardiovascular events · adults with primary hypertension

First‐line angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor probably leads to lower total cardiovascular events compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

First‐line drugs for hypertension 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.76 [0.67, 0.85]
2 studies · 5145 participants
Moderate

Group 4 Pulmonary hypertension due to CTEPH ‐ PDE5i vs placebo

Improvement in WHO functional class · people with pulmonary hypertension due to CTEPH

Group 4 Pulmonary hypertension due to CTEPH ‐ PDE5i showed no clear difference in improvement in WHO functional class compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 17.18 [0.78, 380.84]
1 study · 19 participants
Low

Group 4 Pulmonary hypertension due to CTEPH ‐ PDE5i vs placebo

Six‐minute walk distance · people with pulmonary hypertension due to CTEPH

2 findings from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 19 participants
Low
Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 227 participants
Moderate

Group 4 Pulmonary hypertension due to CTEPH ‐ PDE5i vs placebo

Mortality ‐ sildenafil versus placebo · people with pulmonary hypertension due to CTEPH

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 20 participants
Low

Group 4 Pulmonary hypertension due to CTEPH ‐ PDE5i vs placebo

Mortality ‐ sildenafil versus bosentan · people with pulmonary hypertension due to CTEPH

Group 4 Pulmonary hypertension due to CTEPH ‐ PDE5i showed no clear difference in mortality ‐ sildenafil versus bosentan compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.36 [0.22, 8.48]
1 study · 106 participants
Low

Group 4 Pulmonary hypertension due to CTEPH ‐ PDE5i vs placebo

Quality of life · people with pulmonary hypertension due to CTEPH

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 34 participants
Low

Group 4 Pulmonary hypertension due to CTEPH ‐ PDE5i vs placebo

PAP · people with pulmonary hypertension due to CTEPH

2 findings from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 19 participants
Low
Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 227 participants
Moderate