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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

625 questions · 647 findings · 67 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth

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No studies found 83 · 12.8%GRADE not reported 70 · 10.8%Very low 141 · 21.8%Low 227 · 35.1%Moderate 97 · 15%High 29 · 4.5%

Antibiotics vs placebo or no treatment

Infected episiotomy/laceration (superficial perineal wound infection) № of participants: 3420 (1 RCT) · Women undergoing operative vaginal delivery

Any antibiotics leads to lower infected episiotomy/laceration (superficial perineal wound… compared with placebo or no treatment (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics vs placebo or no treatment

Infected episiotomy/laceration (deep perineal wound infection № of participants: 3420 (1 RCT) · Women undergoing operative vaginal delivery

Any antibiotics leads to lower infected episiotomy/laceration (deep perineal wound infection № of… compared with placebo or no treatment (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics vs placebo or no treatment

Infected episiotomy/laceration (organ or space infection) № of participants: 3420 (1 RCT) · Women undergoing operative vaginal delivery

Any antibiotics showed no clear difference in infected episiotomy/laceration (organ or space infection) № of… compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics vs placebo or no treatment

Infected episiotomy/laceration (wound breakdown) № of participants: 2593 (1 RCT) · Women undergoing operative vaginal delivery

Any antibiotics probably leads to lower infected episiotomy/laceration (wound breakdown) № of participants:… compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

NSAIDs vs placebo

Relief of pain · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains.

NSAID probably leads to higher adequate pain relief as reported by the woman (5 to 8 hours) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids vs placebo

Relief of pain · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains.

Opioid showed no clear difference in adequate pain relief as reported by the woman (5 to 8 hours) compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids vs placebo

Need for additional pain relief (6 to 8 hours) · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains.

Opioid may leads to lower need for additional pain relief (6 to 8 hours) compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids vs placebo

Maternal adverse events (6 to 8 hours) · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains.

Opioid showed no clear difference in maternal adverse events (6 to 8 hours) compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

NSAIDs vs placebo

Additional pain relief · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains.

NSAID may leads to lower need for additional pain relief (5 to 8 hours) compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Paracetamol vs placebo

Relief of pain · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains.

It is very uncertain whether paracetamol changes adequate pain relief as reported by the woman (6 hours) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Paracetamol vs placebo

Need for additional pain relief (up to 4 hours) · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains.

It is very uncertain whether paracetamol changes need for additional pain relief (up to 4 hours) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review