Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

637 questions · 674 findings · 79 reviews · Gut

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No studies found 116 · 17.2%GRADE not reported 14 · 2.1%Very low 133 · 19.7%Low 225 · 33.4%Moderate 145 · 21.5%High 41 · 6.1%

Vedolizumab vs placebo

Serious adverse events (6–10 weeks) · people with Crohn's disease

Vedolizumab showed no clear difference in serious adverse events (6–10 weeks) compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vedolizumab for induction and maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.91 [0.62, 1.33]
4 studies · 1126 participants
Low

Vedolizumab vs placebo

Maintenance of clinical remission · people with Crohn's disease

Vedolizumab leads to higher maintenance of clinical remission (52–60 weeks) compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vedolizumab for induction and maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.52 [1.24, 1.87]
3 studies · 894 participants
High

Vedolizumab vs placebo

Adverse events (52–60 weeks) · people with Crohn's disease

Vedolizumab showed no clear difference in adverse events (52–60 weeks) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vedolizumab for induction and maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1 [0.94, 1.07]
3 studies · 894 participants
Moderate

Vedolizumab vs placebo

Serious adverse events (52–60 weeks) · people with Crohn's disease

Vedolizumab showed no clear difference in serious adverse events (52–60 weeks) compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vedolizumab for induction and maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.98 [0.68, 1.39]
3 studies · 894 participants
Low

Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) vs H2RA, placebo or no treatment

Mortality ‐ within 30 days · people with upper gastrointestinal bleeding prior to endoscopic diagnosis

Proton pump inhibitor treatment showed no clear difference in mortality ‐ within 30 days compared with H2RA, placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Proton pump inhibitor treatment initiated prior to endoscopic diagnosis in upper gastrointestinal bleeding 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.14 [0.76, 1.7]
5 studies · 2143 participants
Low

Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) vs H2RA, placebo or no treatment

Rebleeding · people with upper gastrointestinal bleeding prior to endoscopic diagnosis

Proton pump inhibitor treatment showed no clear difference in rebleeding ‐ within 30 days compared with H2RA, placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Proton pump inhibitor treatment initiated prior to endoscopic diagnosis in upper gastrointestinal bleeding 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.81 [0.62, 1.06]
5 studies · 2121 participants
Low

Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) vs H2RA, placebo or no treatment

Surgery ‐ within 30 days · people with upper gastrointestinal bleeding prior to endoscopic diagnosis

Proton pump inhibitor treatment showed no clear difference in surgery ‐ within 30 days compared with H2RA, placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Proton pump inhibitor treatment initiated prior to endoscopic diagnosis in upper gastrointestinal bleeding 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.91 [0.65, 1.26]
6 studies · 2223 participants
Low

Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) vs H2RA, placebo or no treatment

Proportion of participants with stigmata of recent haemorrhage at index endoscopy · people with upper gastrointestinal bleeding prior to endoscopic diagnosis

Proton pump inhibitor treatment showed no clear difference in proportion of participants with stigmata of recent haemorrhage at… compared with H2RA, placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Proton pump inhibitor treatment initiated prior to endoscopic diagnosis in upper gastrointestinal bleeding 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.8 [0.52, 1.21]
4 studies · 1332 participants
Low

Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) vs H2RA, placebo or no treatment

Endoscopic haemostatic treatment at index endoscopy · people with upper gastrointestinal bleeding prior to endoscopic diagnosis

Proton pump inhibitor treatment probably leads to lower endoscopic haemostatic treatment at index endoscopy compared with H2RA, placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Proton pump inhibitor treatment initiated prior to endoscopic diagnosis in upper gastrointestinal bleeding 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.68 [0.5, 0.93]
3 studies · 1983 participants
Moderate

Tacrolimus vs placebo

Clinical remission · adults with refractory, moderate‐to‐severe ulcerative colitis

Tacrolimus may leads to higher clinical remission compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Tacrolimus (FK506) for induction of remission in corticosteroid‐refractory ulcerative colitis 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 3.76 [1.03, 13.73]
3 studies · 148 participants
Low

Tacrolimus vs placebo

Clinical improvement · adults with refractory, moderate‐to‐severe ulcerative colitis

Tacrolimus may leads to higher clinical improvement compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Tacrolimus (FK506) for induction of remission in corticosteroid‐refractory ulcerative colitis 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 4.47 [2.15, 9.29]
3 studies · 148 participants
Low

Tacrolimus vs placebo

Serious adverse events · adults with refractory, moderate‐to‐severe ulcerative colitis

It is very uncertain whether tacrolimus changes serious adverse events compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Tacrolimus (FK506) for induction of remission in corticosteroid‐refractory ulcerative colitis 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.44 [0.12, 48.77]
3 studies · 148 participants
Very low

Tacrolimus vs placebo

Total adverse events · adults with refractory, moderate‐to‐severe ulcerative colitis

Tacrolimus showed no clear difference in total adverse events compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Tacrolimus (FK506) for induction of remission in corticosteroid‐refractory ulcerative colitis 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.18 [0.91, 1.54]
3 studies · 148 participants
Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Stem Cell vs placebo or control

Clinical remission · Induction of Remission in Medically Refractory Crohn's Disease

Summary of findings table ‐ Stem Cell showed no clear difference in clinical remission compared with placebo or Control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Stem cell transplantation for induction of remission in medically refractory Crohn’s disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.88 [0.8, 4.41]
3 studies · 301 participants
Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Stem Cell vs placebo or control

CDAI <150 at 24 weeks · Induction of Remission in Medically Refractory Crohn's Disease

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Stem Cell changes CDAI <150 at 24 weeks compared with placebo or Control (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Stem cell transplantation for induction of remission in medically refractory Crohn’s disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.02 [0.67, 1.56]
4 studies · 352 participants
Very low

Summary of findings table ‐ Stem Cell vs placebo or control

Fistula Closure short‐term · Induction of Remission in Medically Refractory Crohn's Disease

Summary of findings table ‐ Stem Cell may leads to higher fistula Closure short‐term compared with placebo or Control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Stem cell transplantation for induction of remission in medically refractory Crohn’s disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.48 [1.12, 1.96]
4 studies · 269 participants
Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Stem Cell vs placebo or control

Fistula closure in long‐term · Induction of Remission in Medically Refractory Crohn's Disease

Summary of findings table ‐ Stem Cell may leads to higher fistula closure in long‐term compared with placebo or Control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Stem cell transplantation for induction of remission in medically refractory Crohn’s disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.42 [1.09, 1.87]
4 studies · 250 participants
Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Stem Cell vs placebo or control

Total adverse events · Induction of Remission in Medically Refractory Crohn's Disease

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Stem Cell changes total Adverse Events compared with placebo or Control (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Stem cell transplantation for induction of remission in medically refractory Crohn’s disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.99 [0.88, 1.13]
4 studies · 293 participants
Very low

Summary of findings table ‐ Stem Cell vs placebo or control

Serious adverse events · Induction of Remission in Medically Refractory Crohn's Disease

Summary of findings table ‐ Stem Cell showed no clear difference in serious Adverse Events compared with placebo or Control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Stem cell transplantation for induction of remission in medically refractory Crohn’s disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.22 [0.88, 1.67]
7 studies · 433 participants
Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Stem Cell vs placebo or control

Withdrawals due to adverse events · Induction of Remission in Medically Refractory Crohn's Disease

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Stem Cell changes withdrawal due to adverse events compared with placebo or Control (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Stem cell transplantation for induction of remission in medically refractory Crohn’s disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.78 [0.32, 1.89]
3 studies · 272 participants
Very low