Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

152 questions · 154 findings · 36 reviews

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No studies found 17 · 11%GRADE not reported 23 · 14.9%Very low 60 · 39%Low 35 · 22.7%Moderate 17 · 11%High 2 · 1.3%

Ritgen's manoeuvre vs usual care

3rd or 4th degree tears · pregnant women expecting a vaginal birth, singleton vertex presentation at term, with no medical complications

Ritgen's manoeuvre showed no clear difference in 3rd or 4th degree tears compared with standard care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.24 [0.78, 1.96]
1 study · 1423 participants
Low

Ritgen's manoeuvre vs usual care

Episiotomy · pregnant women expecting a vaginal birth, singleton vertex presentation at term, with no medical complications

Ritgen's manoeuvre showed no clear difference in episiotomy compared with standard care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.81 [0.63, 1.03]
2 studies · 1489 participants
Low

Hands off (or poised) vs hands on

1st degree tear · pregnant women expecting a vaginal birth, singleton vertex presentation at term, with no medical complications

Hands off (or poised) showed no clear difference in 1st degree tear compared with hands on (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.32 [0.99, 1.77]
2 studies · 700 participants
Low

Hands off (or poised) vs hands on

2nd degree tear · pregnant women expecting a vaginal birth, singleton vertex presentation at term, with no medical complications

Hands off (or poised) showed no clear difference in 2nd degree tear compared with hands on (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.77 [0.47, 1.28]
2 studies · 700 participants
Low

Hands off (or poised) vs hands on

3rd or 4th degree tears · pregnant women expecting a vaginal birth, singleton vertex presentation at term, with no medical complications

It is very uncertain whether hands off (or poised) changes 3rd or 4th degree tears compared with hands on (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.68 [0.21, 2.26]
5 studies · 7317 participants
Very low

Hands off (or poised) vs hands on

Episiotomy · pregnant women expecting a vaginal birth, singleton vertex presentation at term, with no medical complications

Hands off (or poised) may leads to lower episiotomy compared with hands on (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.58 [0.43, 0.79]
4 studies · 7247 participants
Low

Warm compresses vs control (hands off or no warm compress)

Intact perineum · pregnant women expecting a vaginal birth, singleton vertex presentation at term, with no medical complications

Warm compresses showed no clear difference in intact perineum compared with control (hands off or no warm compress) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.02 [0.85, 1.21]
4 studies · 1799 participants
Moderate

Warm compresses vs control (hands off or no warm compress)

1st degree tear · pregnant women expecting a vaginal birth, singleton vertex presentation at term, with no medical complications

It is very uncertain whether warm compresses changes 1st degree tear compared with control (hands off or no warm compress) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.19 [0.38, 3.79]
2 studies · 274 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Postpartum maternal febrile morbidity · Women in labour

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes postpartum maternal febrile morbidity (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Routine perineal shaving on admission in labour 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.16 [0.74, 1.8]
3 studies · 997 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Neonatal infection · Women in labour

1 finding from 1 review

Routine perineal shaving on admission in labour 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 458 participants
GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

Wound infection · Women in labour

The intervention showed no clear difference in wound infection (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Routine perineal shaving on admission in labour 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.47 [0.8, 2.7]
1 study · 458 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Maternal satisfaction Scale from 1 to 5 · Women in labour

The intervention showed no clear difference in maternal satisfaction Scale from 1 to 5 (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Routine perineal shaving on admission in labour 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
MD 0
1 study · 458 participants
Low