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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

618 questions · 646 findings · 79 reviews · Neonatal

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No studies found 73 · 11.3%GRADE not reported 29 · 4.5%Very low 145 · 22.4%Low 177 · 27.4%Moderate 173 · 26.8%High 49 · 7.6%

Intervention not reported

NIPS ‐ Proportion of infants in low or no pain during procedure · procedural pain in neonates
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Duration of cry (seconds) following heel lance · procedural pain in neonates
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Duration of cry (seconds) following IM injection · procedural pain in neonates
1 finding from 1 review

Frenotomy vs no frenotomy or sham procedure

Infant breastfeeding assessed by validated scale ‐ IBFAT scores following procedure · tongue‐tie in newborn infants

Frenotomy may leads to higher infant breastfeeding assessed by validated scale ‐ IBFAT scores… compared with no frenotomy or sham procedure (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Frenotomy vs no frenotomy or sham procedure

Infant breastfeeding assessed by validated scale ‐ LATCH scores following procedure · tongue‐tie in newborn infants

Frenotomy showed no clear difference in infant breastfeeding assessed by validated scale ‐ LATCH scores… compared with no frenotomy or sham procedure (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

First intubation attempt success rate (outcome achieved at time of intubation attempt and not followed up) · neonates requiring endotracheal intubation

The intervention showed no clear difference in first intubation attempt success rate (outcome achieved at time of… (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Weight < 1000 g (outcome achieved at time of intubation attempt and not followed up) · neonates requiring endotracheal intubation

The intervention showed no clear difference in weight < 1000 g (outcome achieved at time of intubation attempt and… (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Professional category of the intubator ‐ fellow: first intubation attempt success rate (outcome achieved at time of intubation attempt and not followed up) · neonates requiring endotracheal intubation

The intervention showed no clear difference in professional category of the intubator ‐ fellow: first intubation… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Professional category of the intubator ‐ resident: first intubation attempt success rate (outcome achieved at time of intubation attempt and not followed up) · neonates requiring endotracheal intubation

The intervention showed no clear difference in professional category of the intubator ‐ resident: first intubation… (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Premedication given ‐ no premedication given: first intubation attempt success rate (outcome achieved at time of intubation attempt and not followed up) · neonates requiring endotracheal intubation

The intervention showed no clear difference in premedication given ‐ no premedication given: first intubation… (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Timing of intubation ‐ just after birth in the delivery room: first intubation attempt success rate (outcome achieved at time of intubation attempt and not followed up) · neonates requiring endotracheal intubation

The intervention showed no clear difference in timing of intubation ‐ just after birth in the delivery room: first… (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Timing of intubation ‐ following admission to NICU: first intubation attempt success rate (outcome achieved at time of intubation attempt and not followed up) · neonates requiring endotracheal intubation

The intervention showed no clear difference in timing of intubation ‐ following admission to NICU: first intubation… (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

PIPP at 30 s after heel lance Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA. A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996) · neonates with heel lance‐associated pain
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

PIPP score Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · neonates with heel lance‐associated pain
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

PIPP score Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · neonates with heel lance‐associated pain
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Revised NFCS Range of scale 0‐10 in term infants 0‐9 in preterm infants A lower score = less pain Grunau 1987 · neonates with pain associated with heel lance
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Revised NFCS Range of scale 0‐10 in term infants 0‐9 in preterm infants A lower score = less pain Grunau 1987 · neonates with pain associated with heel lance
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Revised NFCS Range of scale 0‐10 in term infants 0‐9 in preterm infants A lower score = less pain Grunau 1987 · neonates with pain associated with heel lance
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

PIPP at 60 s after heel lance Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants >3 6 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · neonates with heel lance‐associated pain
1 finding from 1 review