Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

216 questions · 257 findings · 27 reviews · Oral Health

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No studies found 29 · 11.3%GRADE not reported 162 · 63%Very low 30 · 11.7%Low 19 · 7.4%Moderate 12 · 4.7%High 5 · 1.9%

Intralesional betamethasone vs intralesional injections of triamcinolone acetonide

Clinical resolution · People with symptomatic, biopsy-confirmed oral lichen planus (OLP); not concurrently receiving other OLP treatment

Intralesional betamethasone may leads to higher clinical resolution compared with intralesional triamcinolone acetonide (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for treating oral lichen planus: corticosteroid therapies 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes
RR 1.40 [1.06, 1.83]
1 study · 59 participants
Low

Mucoadhesive prednisolone tablet vs Topical triamcinolone acetonide paste

Clinical response (not analysable) · People with symptomatic, biopsy-confirmed oral lichen planus (OLP); not concurrently receiving other OLP treatment

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for treating oral lichen planus: corticosteroid therapies 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes
Ghabanchi 2009: data not suitable for quantitative analysis
1 study
GRADE not reported

Intralesional betamethasone vs intralesional injections of triamcinolone acetonide

Clinical score (14 days) · People with symptomatic, biopsy-confirmed oral lichen planus (OLP); not concurrently receiving other OLP treatment

It is very uncertain whether intralesional betamethasone changes clinical score (14 days) compared with intralesional triamcinolone acetonide (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for treating oral lichen planus: corticosteroid therapies 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes
14 days
MD 9.77 [0.81, 18.73]
1 study · 59 participants
Very low

Intralesional betamethasone vs intralesional injections of triamcinolone acetonide

Pain (mean score) · People with symptomatic, biopsy-confirmed oral lichen planus (OLP); not concurrently receiving other OLP treatment

Intralesional betamethasone showed no clear difference in pain (mean score) compared with intralesional triamcinolone acetonide (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for treating oral lichen planus: corticosteroid therapies 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes
MD -0.41 [-1.47, 0.65]
1 study · 59 participants
Low

Systemic (oral) betamethasone vs Topical triamcinolone acetonide paste

Pain resolution · People with symptomatic, biopsy-confirmed oral lichen planus (OLP); not concurrently receiving other OLP treatment

It is very uncertain whether systemic (oral) betamethasone changes pain resolution compared with topical triamcinolone acetonide paste (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for treating oral lichen planus: corticosteroid therapies 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes
RR 1.04 [0.60, 1.80]
1 study · 49 participants
Very low

Clobetasol propionate ointment vs Triamcinolone acetonide ointment

Clinical resolution · People with symptomatic, biopsy-confirmed oral lichen planus (OLP); not concurrently receiving other OLP treatment

Clobetasol propionate ointment may leads to higher clinical resolution compared with triamcinolone acetonide ointment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for treating oral lichen planus: corticosteroid therapies 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes
RR 1.56 [1.09, 2.21]
2 studies · 57 participants
Low

Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) vs 3Mix (ciprofloxacin + metronidazole + minocycline)

Clinical failure · Children with extensive decay involving the dental pulp in primary teeth

Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) may leads to lower clinical failure compared with 3Mix (ciprofloxacin + metronidazole + minocycline) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pulp treatment for extensive decay in primary teeth 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
12 months
RR 0.17 [0.04, 0.70]
1 study · 160 participants
Low

Vitapex (calcium hydroxide/iodoform) vs 3Mix (ciprofloxacin + metronidazole + minocycline)

Radiological failure · Children with extensive decay involving the dental pulp in primary teeth

Vitapex (calcium hydroxide/iodoform) showed no clear difference in radiological failure compared with 3Mix (ciprofloxacin + metronidazole + minocycline); GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Pulp treatment for extensive decay in primary teeth 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
12 months
RR 1.83 [0.80, 4.19]
1 study · 50 participants
GRADE not reported

Vitapex (calcium hydroxide/iodoform) vs 3Mix (ciprofloxacin + metronidazole + minocycline)

Clinical failure · Children with extensive decay involving the dental pulp in primary teeth

Vitapex (calcium hydroxide/iodoform) showed no clear difference in clinical failure compared with 3Mix (ciprofloxacin + metronidazole + minocycline); GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Pulp treatment for extensive decay in primary teeth 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
12 months
RR 1.00 [0.07, 15.12]
1 study · 50 participants
GRADE not reported

Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) vs 3Mix (ciprofloxacin + metronidazole + minocycline)

Radiological failure · Children with extensive decay involving the dental pulp in primary teeth

1 finding from 1 review

Pulp treatment for extensive decay in primary teeth 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
12 months
No radiological failure in any participant (Aminabadi 2016); not estimable
1 study · 160 participants
GRADE not reported

Non-specific immunotherapy (recombinant interleukin-2 or BCG cell wall preparation) plus standard therapy vs Standard therapy alone (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy)

Adverse effects · People with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity or oropharynx

Non-specific immunotherapy (recombinant interleukin-2 or BCG cell… showed no clear difference in adverse effects compared with standard therapy alone; GRADE not reported.

9 findings from 1 review

Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Moderate to severe chills (BCG-CWP, all grades)
RR 11.00 [0.67, 179.29]
1 study · 24 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Nausea/vomiting (rIL-2, grades >=3)
RR 3.40 [0.15, 77.34]
1 study · 30 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Stomatitis (rIL-2, all grades)
RR 1.47 [0.75, 2.90]
1 study · 30 participants
GRADE not reported

Show 6 more findings

Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Leukopenia (rIL-2, all grades)
RR 0.57 [0.22, 1.50]
1 study · 30 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Increased temperature (BCG-CWP, all grades)
RR 0.67 [0.13, 3.30]
1 study · 24 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Leukopenia (rIL-2, grades >=3)
RR 0.38 [0.04, 3.26]
1 study · 30 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Nausea/vomiting (rIL-2, all grades)
RR 1.24 [0.90, 1.70]
1 study · 30 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Stomatitis (rIL-2, grades >=3)
RR 1.71 [0.33, 8.83]
1 study · 30 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Gastrointestinal complaints (BCG-CWP, all grades)
RR 5.00 [0.27, 94.34]
1 study · 24 participants
GRADE not reported

Tyrosine kinase inhibitor (erlotinib, gefitinib or lapatinib) plus standard therapy (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy) vs Standard therapy alone (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy)

Adverse effects · People with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity or oropharynx

Tyrosine kinase inhibitor (erlotinib, gefitinib or lapatinib) plus… led to higher adverse effects compared with standard therapy alone (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy); GRADE not reported.

9 findings from 1 review

Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
40 to 60 months · Skin toxicity (lapatinib, all grades)
RR 2.02 [1.23, 3.32]
1 study · 67 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
40 to 60 months · Gastrointestinal complaints (gefitinib, all grades)
RR 1.04 [0.98, 1.11]
1 study · 226 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
40 to 60 months · Gastrointestinal complaints (lapatinib, all grades)
RR 15.53 [2.18, 110.55]
1 study · 67 participants
GRADE not reported

Show 6 more findings

Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
40 to 60 months · Skin toxicity (erlotinib, all grades)
RR 6.57 [3.60, 12.00]
1 study · 191 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
40 to 60 months · Mucositis (grades >=3)
RR 1.22 [0.96, 1.56]
2 studies · 286 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
40 to 60 months · Mucositis (all grades)
RR 1.03 [0.94, 1.11]
2 studies · 286 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
40 to 60 months · Skin toxicity (gefitinib, all grades)
RR 1.03 [0.82, 1.28]
2 studies · 286 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
40 to 60 months · Gastrointestinal complaints (grades >=3, pooled)
RR 1.11 [0.83, 1.49]
3 studies · 484 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
40 to 60 months · Skin toxicity (grades >=3, pooled)
RR 1.25 [0.54, 2.88]
4 studies · 544 participants
GRADE not reported

EGFR monoclonal antibody (cetuximab or nimotuzumab) plus standard therapy (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy) vs Standard therapy alone (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy)

Adverse effects · People with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity or oropharynx

10 findings from 1 review

Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Mucositis (all grades)
Mucositis all grades: not estimable due to high heterogeneity (P=0.0009; I2=86%) between subgroups (cetuximab; nimotuzumab) and within cetuximab (I2=93%); 1417 participants, 3 studies. Table 3, row 1.6 (Ang 2014;…
3 studies · 1417 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Skin toxicity/acneiform rash (cetuximab, all grades)
RR 6.56 [5.35, 8.03]
2 studies · 1311 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Xerostomia (grades >=3)
RR 1.36 [0.80, 2.31]
2 studies · 1311 participants
GRADE not reported

Show 7 more findings

Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Skin toxicity/acneiform rash (nimotuzumab, grades >=3)
RR 0.20 [0.01, 4.05]
1 study · 92 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Skin toxicity/acneiform rash (nimotuzumab, all grades)
RR 1.06 [0.85, 1.31]
1 study · 92 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Dysphagia (all grades)
RR 0.97 [0.92, 1.03]
3 studies · 1403 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Skin toxicity/acneiform rash (cetuximab, grades >=3)
RR 17.72 [8.33, 37.73]
3 studies · 1403 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Dysphagia (grades >=3)
RR 0.93 [0.83, 1.04]
3 studies · 1403 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Mucositis (grades >=3)
RR 1.20 [0.96, 1.51]
4 studies · 1495 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Xerostomia (all grades)
RR 0.97 [0.91, 1.04]
3 studies · 1417 participants
GRADE not reported

Non-specific immunotherapy (recombinant interleukin-2 or BCG cell wall preparation) plus standard therapy vs Standard therapy alone (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy)

Disease-free survival · People with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity or oropharynx

It is very uncertain whether non-specific immunotherapy (recombinant interleukin-2 or BCG cell… changes disease-free survival compared with standard therapy alone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Recombinant interleukin-2 + surgery (De Stefani 2002)
HR 0.66 [0.43, 1.02]
1 study · 201 participants
Very low

EGFR monoclonal antibody (cetuximab or nimotuzumab) plus standard therapy (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy) vs Standard therapy alone (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy)

Progression‐free survival · People with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity or oropharynx

EGFR monoclonal antibody (cetuximab or nimotuzumab) plus standard… showed no clear difference in progression-free survival compared with standard therapy alone (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy); GRADE not reported.

2 findings from 1 review

Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Monoclonal antibody + chemoradiotherapy vs chemoradiotherapy alone
HR 1.08 [0.89, 1.32]
1 study · 891 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Monoclonal antibody + radiotherapy vs radiotherapy alone
HR 0.70 [0.54, 0.91]
1 study · 424 participants
GRADE not reported

Tyrosine kinase inhibitor (erlotinib, gefitinib or lapatinib) plus standard therapy (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy) vs Standard therapy alone (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy)

Progression‐free survival · People with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity or oropharynx

It is very uncertain whether tyrosine kinase inhibitor (erlotinib, gefitinib or lapatinib) plus… changes progression-free survival compared with standard therapy alone (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
40 to 60 months
HR 0.80 [0.51, 1.28]
2 studies · 271 participants
Very low

EGFR monoclonal antibody (cetuximab or nimotuzumab) plus standard therapy (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy) vs Standard therapy alone (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy)

Participant satisfaction · People with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity or oropharynx

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months
No included studies addressed participant satisfaction (review-wide gap).
0 studies
No studies found

EGFR monoclonal antibody (cetuximab or nimotuzumab) plus standard therapy (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy) vs Standard therapy alone (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy)

Costs (direct and indirect) · People with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity or oropharynx

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months
No included studies addressed direct and indirect costs to participants and health services (review-wide gap).
0 studies
No studies found

EGFR monoclonal antibody (cetuximab or nimotuzumab) plus standard therapy (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy) vs Standard therapy alone (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy)

Overall survival · People with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity or oropharynx

EGFR monoclonal antibody (cetuximab or nimotuzumab) plus standard… probably leads to lower overall survival compared with standard therapy alone (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months
HR 0.82 [0.69, 0.97]
3 studies · 1421 participants
Moderate

Non-specific immunotherapy (recombinant interleukin-2 or BCG cell wall preparation) plus standard therapy vs Standard therapy alone (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy)

Overall survival · People with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity or oropharynx

2 findings from 1 review

Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · BCG cell wall preparation + surgery (Bier 1981)
BCG-CWP + surgery versus surgery alone: 3-year overall survival 10/10 vs 9/10; too few participants to calculate a hazard ratio (Bier 1981, 24 participants).
1 study · 24 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Recombinant interleukin-2 + surgery (De Stefani 2002)
HR 0.52 [0.31, 0.87]
1 study · 201 participants
Very low