Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

4,736 questions · 15,265 findings · 1,163 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 3,871 · 25.4%GRADE not reported 810 · 5.3%Very low 4,242 · 27.8%Low 3,879 · 25.4%Moderate 1,999 · 13.1%High 464 · 3%

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Intervention not reported

Nicotine EC · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…

The intervention showed no clear difference in nicotine EC (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.79 [0.5, 1.23]
7 studies · 1642 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Non‐nicotine/placebo EC · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

Bupropion · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…

The intervention showed no clear difference in bupropion (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.35 [0.97, 1.92]
22 studies · 7231 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Nortriptyline · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

Varenicline · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…

The intervention leads to higher varenicline (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 2.33 [2.02, 2.68]
67 studies · 16430 participants
High

Intervention not reported

Cytisine · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…

The intervention leads to higher cytisine (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 2.21 [1.66, 2.97]
7 studies · 3848 participants
High

Intervention not reported

Nicotine patch · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…

The intervention leads to higher nicotine patch (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.37 [1.2, 1.56]
105 studies · 37319 participants
High

Intervention not reported

Fast‐acting NRT (nicotine other) · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…

The intervention leads to higher fast‐acting NRT (nicotine other) (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.41 [1.29, 1.55]
120 studies · 31756 participants
High

Intervention not reported

Nicotine EC · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…

The intervention leads to higher nicotine EC (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 2.37 [1.73, 3.24]
16 studies · 3828 participants
High

Intervention not reported

Non‐nicotine/placebo EC · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…

The intervention showed no clear difference in non‐nicotine/placebo EC (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.16 [0.74, 1.8]
8 studies · 1094 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Bupropion · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…

The intervention leads to higher bupropion (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.43 [1.26, 1.62]
71 studies · 14759 participants
High

Intervention not reported

Nortriptyline · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…

The intervention probably leads to higher nortriptyline (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.35 [1.02, 1.81]
10 studies · 1290 participants
Moderate

Topical anesthetics vs placebo or no intervention

Successful LP on first attempt № of LPs: 100(1 quasi‐RCT) · lumbar puncture in newborn infants

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for the management of pain and discomfort during lumbar puncture in newborn infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Very low

Topical anesthetics vs placebo or no intervention

Total number of LP attempts № of LPs: 100(1 quasi‐RCT) · lumbar puncture in newborn infants

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for the management of pain and discomfort during lumbar puncture in newborn infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Very low

Topical anesthetics vs placebo or no intervention

Episodes of bradycardia · lumbar puncture in newborn infants

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for the management of pain and discomfort during lumbar puncture in newborn infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Very low

Topical anesthetics vs placebo or no intervention

NFCS pain score during the procedure№ of infants: 112(2 RCTs) Score · lumbar puncture in newborn infants

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for the management of pain and discomfort during lumbar puncture in newborn infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low

Topical anesthetics vs placebo or no intervention

Episodes of desaturation, defined as a decrease of SpO2 to less than 80%, with no minimum duration specified—not reported · lumbar puncture in newborn infants

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for the management of pain and discomfort during lumbar puncture in newborn infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Very low

Topical anesthetics vs placebo or no intervention

Apnea: number of episodesduring the procedure · lumbar puncture in newborn infants

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for the management of pain and discomfort during lumbar puncture in newborn infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Topical anesthetics vs placebo or no intervention

Episodes of apnea · lumbar puncture in newborn infants

It is very uncertain whether topical anesthetics changes apnea: occurrence of one or more episodes№ of LPs: 100(1 quasi‐RCT) compared with placebo or no intervention (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for the management of pain and discomfort during lumbar puncture in newborn infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 3.24 [0.14, 77.79]
Studies not reported
Very low

Habitat manipulation vs no intervention

Clinical malaria incidence · people at risk of malaria

1 finding from 1 review

Mosquito aquatic habitat modification and manipulation interventions to control malaria 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 participants
Very low